Essentials of Orthodontics

Essential Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment is designed
to help dental students, orthodontic residents, and general
dentists understand the basic concepts and procedures essential to
the diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment of patients who
have relatively simple malocclusion problems.

The authors explain the steps of diagnosing basic orthodontic
problems and analyzing dental radiographs and include many of the
forms and charts dentists use for examination, diagnosis, and
appliance design. Readers will learn about the mechanics of how
appliances move teeth, the different types of appliances, and the
orthodontic materials on the market. The authors also explain and
demonstrate through color photos how to take dental impressions,
create plaster casts, how to create the various fixed and removable
appliances, and how to write a laboratory prescription for each
appliance. A needed text for the dental student, it is also an
excellent resource for dentists wanting to expand their
services.

Autorentext

Robert N. Staley, D.D.S., M.A., M.S., is a professor in the
Orthodontic Department at the University of Iowa College of
Dentistry, where he has been on faculty since 1970. He is a
diplomate of the American Board of Orthodontics, and among his many
awards he received the Student Research Group Mentor of the Year
Award for 2003-2004. Dr. Staley has served as an editorial
consultant for various peer-reviewed journals and sits on the
editorial board for The Angle Orthodontist.

Neil T. Reske, M.A., also from the University of Iowa
College of Dentistry, teaches dental students, orthodontic
residents, and pediatric dentistry residents the principles and
techniques of laboratory appliance fabrication.

Zusammenfassung
Essential Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment is designed to help dental students, orthodontic residents, and general dentists understand the basic concepts and procedures essential to the diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment of patients who have relatively simple malocclusion problems.

The authors explain the steps of diagnosing basic orthodontic problems and analyzing dental radiographs and include many of the forms and charts dentists use for examination, diagnosis, and appliance design. Readers will learn about the mechanics of how appliances move teeth, the different types of appliances, and the orthodontic materials on the market. The authors also explain and demonstrate through color photos how to take dental impressions, create plaster casts, how to create the various fixed and removable appliances, and how to write a laboratory prescription for each appliance. A needed text for the dental student, it is also an excellent resource for dentists wanting to expand their services.

Inhalt

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Introduction xvii

Chapter 1 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 3

Normal and Ideal Occlusion 3

Normal Occlusion in the Primary Dentition 4

Centric Occlusion and Centric Relation 5

Angle Classification of Malocclusion 6

Angle Class I Malocclusion 6

Class I Malocclusions in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions 7

Angle Class II Division 1

Malocclusion 7

Angle Class II Division 2

Malocclusion 8

Class II Malocclusions in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions 8

End-to-End Occlusion 8

Angle Class III Malocclusion 9

Class III Malocclusions in Primary and Mixed Dentitions 9

Super Class I Malocclusions 9

Super Class II and Super Class III Malocclusions 9

Subdivision Malocclusions 9

Class II Subdivision Malocclusions 9

Class III Subdivision Malocclusions 9

Class II-III Subdivision Malocclusions 10

Incisor Dental Compensations in Class II and Class III Malocclusions 10

Iowa Notation System for Angle Classification 10

Rules for Assigning Angle Classification 10

Rating the Severity of a Malocclusion 11

Orthodontic Records 11

Clinical Examination 12

Summary of Findings, Problem List, and Diagnosis 16

Consultation with Patient and/or Parent 17

Chapter 2 Dental Impressions and Study Cast Trimming 19

Study Casts 19

Digital Casts 19

Alginate Impressions 20

Mandibular Impression 20

Maxillary Impression 21

Record of Centric Occlusion 21

Pouring of Plaster Study Casts 22

Study Cast Trimming 22

Chapter 3 Dental Cast Analysis in Adults 33

Tooth SizeArch Length Analysis 33

Measurement of Tooth Size and Arch Length 33

Factors Influencing a Tooth SizeArch Length Analysis 34

Curve of Spee 34

Incisor Inclination and Anteroposterior Position 36

Second and Third Molar Evaluation 36

Comparison of TSALD Analysis and the Irregularity Index 37

Arch Width Measurements 37

Diagnostic Setup 38

Bolton Analysis 38

Overbite and Overjet Measurements 40

Mandibular Crowding 42

Tooth Widths in Normal Occlusion 42

Chapter 4 Dental Cast Analysis in the Mixed Dentition 43

Tooth SizeArch Length Analysis 43

Prediction of the Widths of Nonerupted Canines and Premolars 44

Radiographic Enlargement of Nonerupted Canines and Premolars 45

Revised Hixon-Oldfather Prediction Method 45

Iowa Prediction Method for Both Arches 48

Upper Arch 48

Lower Arch 48

Standard Error of Estimate 48

Radiograph Image Problems 53

Proportional Equation Prediction Method 53

Tanaka and Johnston Prediction Method 54

Measurement of Arch Lengths on Casts 54

Measurement Instruments and Guidelines 55

Factors that Influence a Mixed-Dentition Arch Length Analysis 55

Interpretation of a Mixed- Dentition Arch Length Analysis 55

Chapter 5 Radiographic Analysis 57

Periapical Survey 57

Panoramic Radiograph 57

Occlusal Radiographs 61

Cone Beam Radiographs 62

Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs 64

Anatomic Landmarks 65

Cephalometric Landmarks 65

Cephalometric Point Locations 66

Cephalometric Planes 67

Cephalometric Angles and Distances 68

Skeletal Angles and Distances 68

Dental Angles 69

Distances of Incisors to Anterior Vertical Lines 69

Cephalometric Norms and Treatment Goals 71

Lateral Cephalometric Tracing 71

Posteroanterior Cephalometric Radiograph 72

Analog versus Digital Radiography 73 **Cha...