Introduction to Porous Materials

The first comprehensive textbook on the timely and rapidly developing topic of inorganic porous materials

This is the first textbook to completely cover a broad range of inorganic porous materials. It introduces the reader to the development of functional porous inorganic materials, from the synthetic zeolites in the 50's, to today's hybrid materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and related networks. It also provides the necessary background to understand how porous materials are organized, characterized, and applied in adsorption, catalysis, and many other domains. Additionally, the book explains characterization and application from the materials scientist viewpoint, giving the reader a practical approach on the characterization and application of the respective materials.

Introduction to Inorganic Porous Materials begins by describing the basic concepts of porosity and the different types of pores, surfaces, and amorphous versus crystalline materials, before introducing readers to nature's porous materials. It then goes on to cover everything from adsorption and catalysis to amorphous materials such as silica to inorganic carbons and Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas (PMOs). It discusses the synthesis and applications of MOFs and the broad family of COFs. It concludes with a look at future prospects and emerging trends in the field.

• The only complete book of its kind to cover the wide variety of inorganic and hybrid porous materials

• A comprehensive reference and outstanding tool for any course on inorganic porous materials, heterogeneous catalysis, and adsorption

• Gives students and investigators the opportunity to learn about porous materials, how to characterize them, and understand how they can be applied in different fields

Introduction to Inorganic Porous Materials is an excellent book for students and professionals of inorganic chemistry and materials science with an interest in porous materials, functional inorganic materials, heterogeneous catalysis and adsorption, and solid state characterization techniques.

Autorentext

PASCAL VAN DER VOORT Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics & Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium KAREN LEUS Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics & Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium ELS DE CANCK Recticel NV Insulation, Belgium

Klappentext
INTRODUCTION TO POROUS MATERIALS This is the first textbook to completely cover a broad range of inorganic porous materials. It introduces the reader to the development of functional porous inorganic materials, from the synthetic zeolites in the 50's, to today's hybrid materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and related networks. It also provides the necessary background to understand how porous materials are organized, characterized, and applied in adsorption, catalysis, and many other domains. Additionally, the book explains characterization and application from the materials scientist viewpoint, giving the reader a practical approach on the characterization and application of the respective materials. Introduction to Porous Materials begins by describing the basic concepts of porosity and the different types of pores, surfaces, and amorphous versus crystalline materials, before introducing readers to nature's porous materials. It then goes on to cover everything from adsorption and catalysis to amorphous materials such as silica to inorganic carbons and periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs). It discusses the synthesis and applications of MOFs and the broad family of COFs. It concludes with a look at future prospects and emerging trends in the field.

• The only complete book of its kind to cover the wide variety of inorganic and hybrid porous materials
• A comprehensive reference and outstanding tool for any course on inorganic porous materials, heterogeneous catalysis, and adsorption
• Gives students and investigators the opportunity to learn about porous materials, how to characterize them, and understand how they can be applied in different fields Introduction to Porous Materials is an excellent book for students and professionals of inorganic chemistry and materials science with an interest in porous materials, functional inorganic materials, heterogeneous catalysis and adsorption, and solid state characterization techniques. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ADVANCED TEXTBOOK This series reflects the pivotal role of modern inorganic and physical chemistry in a whole range of emerging areas, such as materials chemistry, green chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, as well as providing a solid grounding in established areas such as solid state chemistry, coordination chemistry, main group chemistry and physical inorganic chemistry.

Inhalt
Preface xi

About the Authors xiii

1 Nature's Porous Materials: From Beautiful to Practical 1

1.1 Living Porosity 1

1.1.1 Butterflies 1

1.1.2 Algae 4

1.1.3 Bamboo 8

1.2 Clay Minerals 8

1.2.1 Natural Clays 8

1.2.2 Pillared Interlayered Clays PILCs 12

References 13

2 Theory of Adsorption and Catalysis: Surface Area and Porosity 15

2.1 Determination of Surface Area and Porosity by Gas Sorption 15

2.1.1 Introduction 15

2.1.2 Chemisorption and Physisorption 15

2.1.3 Reversible Monolayer Adsorption The Langmuir Isotherm 16

2.2 The BET (Brunauer, Emmet, Teller) Model 21

2.2.1 The BET Equation 21

2.2.2 Multipoint BET Analysis 23

2.3 Capillary Condensation and Pore Size, the Type IV Isotherm 25

2.3.1 The Kelvin and the Halsey Equation 25

2.3.2 Barrett, Joyner, Halenda (BJH) Pore Size Distributions 27

2.3.3 Types of Adsorption Isotherms 32

2.3.4 Adsorption Hysteresis 34

2.3.5 Evaluation of Micropores 36

2.4 Liquid Phase Adsorption Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms 37

2.4.1 Adsorption Kinetics 38

2.4.2 Adsorption Isotherms 40

2.5 Heterogeneous Catalysis 42

2.5.1 Introduction 42

2.5.2 Types of Catalysis 44

2.5.3 Toward Green and Sustainable Industrial Chemistry 46

2.5.4 Kinetics in a Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction 50

2.5.5 Diffusion Phenomena 57

2.A Appendix 66

Exercises 68

Answers to the Problems 71

References 73

3 Zeolites and Zeotypes 75

3.1 Crystallographic Directions and Planes 75

3.1.1 Crystallographic Directions 75

3.1.2 Crystallographic Planes 77

3.2 X-Ray Diffraction 80

3.3 Zeolite Structures 82

3.4 Applications of Zeolites 85

3.4.1 Ion-Exchange, Water Softening 85

3.4.2 Catalysis 88

3.4.3 Gas Sorption and Purification 109

3.5 Solid-State NMR 111

3.5.1 Introduction to the Technique NMR 111

3.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: The Basics 112

3.5.3 Solid-State NMR: The Challenges 115

3.5.4 The Application of Solid-State NMR 118

References 118

4 Silica, A Simple Oxide A Case Study for FTIR Spectroscopy 121

4.1 Different Methods to Synthesize Silica 121

4.1.1 Silica Gels and Sols 121

4.1.2 Pyrogenic Silicas 126

4.1.3 Precipitated Silicas 127

4.2 The Surface of Silica 127

4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 129

4.3.1 Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy 130

4.3.2 Principles of FTIR 133

4.3.3 DRIFTS Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 138

4.3.4 Attenuated Total Reflection 140

References 142

5 Ordered Mesoporous Silica 145

5.1 MCM-41 and MCM-48 Revolution by the Mobil Oil Company 145

5.1.1 The Original Papers and Patents 145

5.1.2 Calculating the Wall Thickness 150

5.1.3 Interaction Between Surfactant and Inorganic Precursor 151

5.1.4 The Surfactant Packing Parameter 154

5.1.5 Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica 156

5.1.6 Stable Ordered Mesoporous Silica SBA 157

5.1.7 Plugged Hexagonal Templated Silica 161

5.1.8 The New MCM-48: KIT-6 163 …