Neurobionics

Technological advances have greatly increased the potential for, and practicability of, using medical neurotechnologies to revolutionize how a wide array of neurological and nervous system diseases and dysfunctions are treated. These technologies have the potential to help reduce the impact of symptoms in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's Disease and depression as well as help regain lost function caused by spinal cord damage or nerve damage. Medical Neurobionics is a concise overview of the biological underpinnings of neurotechnologies, the development process for these technologies, and the practical application of these advances in clinical settings. Medical Neurobionics is divided into three sections. The first section focuses specifically on providing a sound foundational understanding of the biological mechanisms that support the development of neurotechnologies. The second section looks at the efforts being carried out to develop new and exciting bioengineering advances. The book then closes with chapters that discuss practical clinical application and explore the ethical questions that surround neurobionics. A timely work that provides readers with a useful introduction to the field, Medical Neurobionics will be an essential book for neuroscientists, neuroengineers, biomedical researchers, and industry personnel.

Autorentext
Robert Shepherd is Professor of Medical Bionics and Director of the Bionics Institute in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Melbourne.

Inhalt

1. The Historical Foundation of Bionics
Nick Donaldson and Giles.S. Brindley

1.1 Bionics Past & Future

1.2 History in 1973

1.2.1 Biomaterials

1.2.2 Nerve Stimulation & Recording

1.2.3 Transistors

1.2.4 Conclusion

1.3 Anaesthesia

1.4 Aseptic Surgery

1.5 Clinical Observation & Experiments

1.6 Hermetic Packages

1.6.1 Vacuum Methods

1.6.2 Welding

1.6.3 Glass

1.6.4 Glass Ceramics & Solder Glasses

1.6.5 Ceramics

1.6.6 Microcircuit Technologies

1.6.7 Leak Testing

1.7 Encapsulation (Electrical Insulation)

1.7.1 Insulation

1.7.2 Under-water insulation

1.7.3 Silicones

1.7.4 Primers

1.8 Early Implanted Devices

1.9 Afterword

References

2. Development of Stable Long-Term Electrode Tissue Interfaces for Recording and Stimulation
Jens Schouenborg

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Tissue responses in the brain to an implanted foreign body

2.2.1 Acute tissue responses

2.2.2 Chronic tissue responses

2.2.3 On the importance of physiological conditions

2.3 Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) - state of the art

2.4 Biocompatibility of BCI on the importance of mechanical compliance

2.5 Novel electrode constructs and implantation procedures

2.5.1 Methods to implant ultraflexible electrodes

2.5.2 Surface configurations

2.5.3 Matrix embedded electrodes

2.5.4 Electrode arrays encorporating drugs

2.6 Concluding remarks

Acknowledgements

References

**3. Electrochemical Principles of Safe Charge Injection
Stuart F. Cogan, David J. Garrett and Rylie A. Green

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Charge Injection Requirements

3.2.1 Stimulation Levels for Functional Responses

3.2.2 Tissue damage thresholds

3.2.3 Charge Injection Processes

3.2.4 Capacitive Charge Injection

3.2.5 Faradaic Charge Injection

3.2.6 Stimulation Waveforms

3.2.7 Voltage Transient Analysis

3.3 Electrode Materials

3.3.1 Non-noble Metal Electrodes

3.3.2 Noble metals

3.3.3 High Surface Area Capacitor Electrodes

3.3.4 Three-dimensional Noble Metal Oxide Films

3.4 Factors Influencing Electrode Reversibility

3.4.1 In vivo versus saline charge injection limits

3.4.2 Degradation Mechanisms and Irreversible Reactions

3.5 Emerging Electrode Materials

3.5.1 Intrinsically conductive polymers

3.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Conductive Diamond

3.6 Conclusion

References

**4. Principles of Recording from an Electrical Stimulation of Neural Tissue
James B. Fallon and Paul M. Carter

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Anatomy and physiology of neural tissue

4.2.1 Active Neurons

4.3 Physiological principles of recording from neural tissue

4.3.1 Theory of recording

4.3.2 Recording electrodes

4.3.3 Amplification

4.3.4 Imaging

4.4 Principles of Stimulation of Neural Tissue

4.4.1 Introduction

4.4.2 Principles of Neural Stimulator Design

4.4.3 Modelling Nerve Stimulation

4.4.4 The Activating Function

4.4.5 Properties of Nerves Under Electrical Stimulation

4.5 Safety of Electrical Stimulation

4.5.1 Safe Stimulation Limits

4.5.2 Metabolic Stress

4.5.3 Electrochemical Stress

4.6 Conclusion

References

**5. Wireless Neurotechnology for Neural Prostheses
Arto Nurmikko, David Borton and Ming Yin

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Rationale and overview o...