Nanomaterials in the Wet Processing of Textiles

Nanotechnology has attracted attention of textile and polymer scientists and has been playing extraordinary role over the past few decades in the functional finishing of different textile materials. Nanoparticles due to their diverse functions have not only imparted flame retardant, UV-blocking, water repellent, self-cleaning, and antimicrobial properties to the textiles, but also have greater affinity for fabrics leading to an increase in durability of the functions. This book emphasizes recent approaches and strategies that are currently at operation to functionalize both natural and synthetic textile materials using diverse nanoparticles and their composites with polymers. The book concludes by paying attention towards removal of toxic chemicals using state-of-the-art nano-adsorbents. Main Topics 1. Textile dyeing using metallic nanoparticles 2. Metal oxide nanoparticles for multifunctional finishing 3. New approaches to produce UV protective textiles 4. Polymeric nanocomposites for antimicrobial finishing 5. Self-cleaning of textiles using advanced nanoparticles 6. Silver nanoparticles in dyeing and finishing applications 7. Zinc Oxide - prospects in textile industry 8. Titanium dioxide: Next generation photo-catalysts 9. Textile effluent using chitosan nanocomposites 10. Recent advances in remediation of textile effluents using nano-catalysts

Autorentext

Shahid-ul-Islam is a researcher of international recognition at the Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi. His current research interests include green chemistry, dyes & pigments, thermodynamics and kinetics of colorants, and polymeric nanocomposites. He has numerous academic publications in international journals of high repute to his credit.

B S Butola obtained his B. Tech. (1990) and Ph.D. degrees (2005) in textile technology from IIT Delhi. Currently he is an associate professor at the department of textile technology, IIT Delhi. His research interests include functionalization of textiles with metal oxides, use of shear thickening fluids for improving the impact performance of ballistic textiles, polymeric nanocomposites and smart colorants.

Inhalt

Preface xi

**1 Functional Finishing of Textiles via Nanomaterials 1
**Azadeh Bashari, Mina Shakeri, Anahita Rouhani Shirvan and Seyyed Abbas Noorian Najafabadi

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Antibacterial Textiles 2

1.2.1 Antibacterial Organic and Non-Organic Nanostructures 4

1.2.1.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 4

1.2.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 5

1.2.1.3 ZnO Nanoparticles 6

1.2.1.4 Chitosan 7

1.3 Anti-Odor Textiles 8

1.3.1 Odor-Control Methods 8

1.3.1.1 Absorption Mechanism 9

1.3.1.2 Prevention Mechanism 13

1.4 Deodorant Textiles 13

1.4.1 Aromatic Textiles with Nanocarriers 13

1.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanocarriers 14

1.4.1.2 Lipid Nanostructures 16

1.4.1.3 Cyclodextrins 18

1.4.1.4 Dendrimers 19

1.4.2 Application of Aroma Textiles 19

1.5 Protective Textile Against Electromagnetic Radiation 20

1.5.1 EM Waves 20

1.5.2 The Effect of EM Radiation on the Body 20

1.5.3 Shielding Materials Against the EM Waves 21

1.5.3.1 Conductive Polymer 22

1.5.3.2 Metal Nanocoating 23

1.5.3.3 Carbon Nanostructures 24

1.6 UV-Protective Textiles 25

1.6.1 The Necessity of Using UV-Protective Textiles 26

1.6.2 UV Protection Effect of Textile 26

1.6.2.1 UV-Protective Textiles with Nanomaterials 27

1.7 Water-Repellent Textiles 30

1.7.1 Are Water-Repellent and Waterproof Finishing the Same? 30

1.7.2 Plasma Treatment 31

1.7.3 Electrospinning 33

1.7.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition 34

1.7.5 SolGel Technique 35

1.7.6 Dendrimer 36

1.7.7 Carbon Nanotube 38

1.8 Self-Cleaning Textiles 38

1.8.1 Self-Cleaning and Superhydrophobic Surfaces 39

1.8.1.1 Natural Superhydrophobic Surfaces 39

1.8.2 Superhydrophobic Finishing of the Textiles 40

1.8.3 Modification of Textiles Using Photoactive Coatings 41

1.9 Flame-Retardant Textiles 43

1.9.1 Flame-Retardant Finishing Agents 44

1.9.1.1 Flame-Retardant Nanostructures 45

1.10 Wrinkle-Resistant Fabrics 50

1.10.1 Nano-Structured Materials as Anti-Wrinkle Agents 51

1.10.1.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2) 52

1.10.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles 54

1.10.1.3 Silica Nanoparticles 54

1.10.1.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 55

1.10.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes 56

1.10.1.6 Chitosan Nanoparticles 56

1.11 Future Trends and Challenges of Nano-Based Textiles 57

References 58

**2 Antimicrobial Textiles Based on Metal and Metal Oxide Nano-particles 71
**Mangala Joshi and Anasuya Roy

2.1 Introduction 72

2.2 Antimicrobial NP Used in Functionalization of Textiles 75

2.2.1 Ag NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 75

2.2.2 Titania NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 76

2.2.3 Cu NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 77

2.2.4 ZnO NP: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity 79

2.3 Application of NP onto Textile Substrates 80

2.3.1 Application of Ag NP on Textiles 80

2.3.2 Application of TiO2 NP on Textiles 88

2.3.3 Application of Cu NP and CuO NP on Textiles 89

2.3.4 Application of ZnO NP on Textiles 90

2.3.5 Application of other NP on Textiles 91

2.4 Mechanism of Action of Inorganic NP 91

2.4.1 Cell Membrane Leakage and/or Impairment 92

2.4.2 Oxidative Stress Generation through ROS 92

2.4.3 Protein Activity Interference and Genotoxicity 93

2.5 Nano-Toxicological Impact of NP on the Eco-System 94

2.6 Conclusion 96

Acknowledgment 97

References 97

**3 Nano-Zinc Oxide: Prospects in the Textile Industry 113
**N. Vigneshwaran, V. Prasad, A. Arputharaj, A.K. Bharimalla and P.G. Patil 3.1 I...