Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems

A comprehensive reference to renewable energy technologies with a focus on power generation and integration into power systems

This book addresses the generation of energy (primarily electrical) through various renewable sources. It discusses solar and wind power--two major resources that are now in use in small as well as large-scale power production--and their requirements for effectively using advanced control techniques.In addition, the book looks at theintegration of renewable energy in the power grid and its ability to work in a micro grid.

Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems describes the numerous types of renewable energy sources available and the basic principles involving energy conversion, including the theory of fluid mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics. Chapter coverage includes the theory of power electronics and various electric power generators, grid scale energy storage systems, photovoltaic power generation, solar thermal energy conversion technology, horizontal and vertical wind turbines for power generation, and more.

• Covers integration into power systems with an emphasis on microgrids

• Introduces a wide range of subjects related to renewable energy systems, including energy storage, microgrids, and battery technologies

• Includes tutorial materials such as up-to-date references for wind energy, grid connection, and power electronics--plus worked examples and solutions

Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems is the perfect introduction to renewable energy technologies for undergraduate and graduate students and can also be very useful to practicing engineers.

Autorentext

MUKHTAR AHMAD, PHD, is a retired professor from Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India. He has a wide range of professional experience, beginning with lecturer in electrical engineering at AMU to becoming a Professor at three different Universities (Aligarh Muslim University, University Putra Malaysia, and Multimedia University Malaysia). Mukhtar has published work in journals, papers, and his own books.

Inhalt
Preface xvii

1 Sources of Energy and Technologies 1

1.1 Energy Uses in Different Countries 1

1.2 Energy Sources 3

1.2.1 Non-Renewable Energy Resources 3

1.2.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 3

1.3 Energy and Environment 5

1.3.1 Climate Change 7

1.4 Review of Technologies for Renewable Energy System 8

1.4.1 Fluid Dynamics 8

1.4.1.1 Conservation of Mass 8

1.4.1.2 Conservation of Momentum 9

1.4.1.3 Conservation of Energy 10

1.5 Thermodynamics 11

1.5.1 Enthalpy 12

1.5.2 Specific Heat 12

1.5.3 Zeroth Law 13

1.5.4 First Law 13

1.5.4.1 Limitations of First law 14

1.5.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics 14

1.5.5.1 KelvinPlanck Statement 15

1.5.5.2 Clausius Statement 16

1.5.6 Third Law of Thermodynamics 16

1.6 Thermodynamic Power Cycles 16

1.6.1 Ideal Cycle (Carnot Cycle) 17

1.6.2 Rankine Cycle 18

1.6.3 Brayton Cycle 18

1.7 Summary 21

References 21

2 Power Electronic Converters 23

2.1 Types of Power Electronic Converters 23

2.2 Power Semiconductor Devices 23

2.2.1 Thyristor 25

2.2.1.1 Line Commutation 25

2.2.1.2 Load Commutation 26

2.2.1.3 Forced Commutation 26

2.2.2 Gate Turn-OffThyristor (GTO) 26

2.2.3 Power Bipolar Junction Transistor 27

2.2.4 Power MOSFET 29

2.2.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 29

2.3 ac-to-dc Converters 30

2.3.1 Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers 31

2.3.2 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Diode Rectifiers 32

2.3.3 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers 32

2.3.4 Three-Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter 33

2.4 dc-to-ac Converters (Inverters) 34

2.4.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 34

2.4.2 Square-Wave PWMInverter 34

2.4.3 Single-Pulse-WidthModulation 35

2.4.4 Multiple-Pulse-WidthModulation 36

2.4.5 Sinusoidal-Pulse-WidthModulation 36

2.4.6 Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverters 37

2.4.7 Single-Phase Current Source Inverters 39

2.4.7.1 Three-Phase Current Source Inverter 39

2.5 Multilevel Inverters 40

2.5.1 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 41

2.5.2 Flying-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter 42

2.5.3 Cascaded Multicell with Different dc Source Inverter 43

2.6 Resonant Converters 43

2.6.1 Series Resonant Converter 44

2.6.1.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode 45

2.6.2 Parallel Resonant Inverter 45

2.6.3 ZCS Resonant Converters 45

2.6.4 ZVS Resonant Converter 46

2.6.5 Resonant dc-Link Inverters 46

2.7 Matrix Converters 47

2.8 Summary 48

References 48

3 Renewable Energy Generator Technology 51

3.1 Energy Conversion 51

3.2 Power Conversion and Control ofWind Energy Systems 51

3.2.1 Induction Generator 52

3.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 53

3.2.3 Linear PM Synchronous Machine 53

3.3 Operation and Control of Induction Generators forWES 53

3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit 54

3.3.2 Wound-Rotor Induction Machine 55

3.3.3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 57

3.3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of DGIG 59

3.3.3.2 Braking System 60

3.4 PermanentMagnet Synchronous Generator 60

3.4.1 Modelling of PMSG 62

3.5 Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technologies 63

3.5.1 Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 64

3.5.2 Tubular Permanent Magnet LinearWave Generator (TPMLWG) 66

3.5.3 Linear Induction Machines 67

3.6 Summary 67

References 68

4 Grid-Scale Energy Storage 69

4.1 Requirement of Energy Storage 69

4.2 Types of Energy Storage Technologies 69 ...