Hyrdogen Storage Technologies

Hydrogen storage is considered a key technology for stationary and portable power generation especially for transportation. This volume covers the novel technologies to efficiently store and distribute hydrogen and discusses the underlying basics as well as the advanced details in hydrogen storage technologies.

The book has two major parts: Chemical and electrochemical hydrogen storage and Carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage. The following subjects are detailed in Part I:

• Multi stage compression system based on metal hydrides

• Metal-N-H systems and their physico-chemical properties

• Mg-based nano materials with enhanced sorption kinetics

• Gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage in the Ti-Z-Ni

• Electrochemical methods for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of metal hydrides

In Part II the following subjects are addressed:

• Activated carbon for hydrogen storage obtained from agro-industrial waste

• Hydrogen storage using carbonaceous materials

• Hydrogen storage performance of composite material consisting of single walled carbon nanotubes and metal oxide nanoparticles

• Hydrogen storage characteristics of graphene addition of hydrogen storage materials

• Discussion of the crucial features of hydrogen adsorption of nanotextured carbon-based materials

Autorentext

Mehmet Sankir received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. He is a Full Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey and group leader of Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. Dr. Sankir has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation and desalination. Nurdan Demirci Sankir is an Associate Professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her MEng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU. Nurdan has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of photovoltaic devices, solution based thin film manufacturing, solar driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation and nanostructured semiconductors.

Klappentext
Provides a comprehensive practical review of the available hydrogen storage technologies such as: electrochemical hydrogen storage; chemical hydrogen storage; graphene and hydrogen storage; nanotechnology and hydrogen storage; carbon- based materials and hydrogen storage. Hydrogen storage is considered a key technology for stationary and portable power generation especially for transportation. This volume covers the novel technologies to efficiently store and distribute hydrogen and discusses the underlying basics as well as the advanced details in hydrogen storage technologies. The book has two major parts: Chemical and electrochemical hydrogen storage and Carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage. The following subjects are detailed in Part I:

• Multi stage compression system based on metal hydrides;
• Metal-N-H systems and their physico-chemical properties;
• Mg-based nano materials with enhanced sorption kinetics;
• Gaseous and electrochemical hydrogen storage in the Ti-Z-Ni;

• Electrochemical methods for hydrogenation/dehydrogenation of metal hydrides. In Part II the following subjects are addressed:

• Activated carbon for hydrogen storage obtained from agro-industrial waste;
• Hydrogen storage using carbonaceous materials;
• Hydrogen storage performance of composite material consisting of single walled carbon nanotubes and metal oxide nanoparticles;
• Hydrogen storage characteristics of graphene addition of hydrogen storage materials;
• Discussion of the crucial features of hydrogen adsorption of nanotextured carbon-based materials. Audience The book will have a wide audience including those in electrochemistry, physics, materials science and engineering, mechanical and chemical engineering as well as renewable energy and storage technologies.

Inhalt
Preface xiii

Part I: Chemical and Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage 1

**1 Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compression Systems Materials, Applications and Numerical Analysis 3
Evangelos I. Gkanas and Martin Khzouz

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Adoption of a Hydrogen-Based Economy 4

1.2.1 Climate Change and Pollution 4

1.2.2 Toward a Hydrogen-Based Future 4

1.2.3 Hydrogen Storage 5

1.2.3.1 Compressed Hydrogen Storage 5

1.2.3.2 Hydrogen Storage in Liquid Form 5

1.2.3.3 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage 6

1.3 Hydrogen Compression Technologies 6

1.3.1 Reciprocating Piston Compressor 7

1.3.2 Ionic Liquid Piston Compressor 8

1.3.3 Piston-Metal Diaphragm Compressor 9

1.3.4 Electrochemical Hydrogen Compressor 9

1.4 Metal Hydride Hydrogen Compressors (MHHC) 11

1.4.1 Operation of a Two-Stage MHHC 11

1.4.2 Metal Hydrides 14

1.4.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Metal Hydride Formation 14

1.4.3.1 Pressure-Composition-Temperature (P-c-T) Properties 14

1.4.3.2 Slope and Hysteresis 16

1.4.4 Material Challenges for MHHCs 17

1.4.4.1 AB5 Intermetallics 18

1.4.4.2 AB2 Intermetallics 19

1.4.4.3 TiFe-Based AB-Type Intermetallics 19

1.4.4.4 Vanadium-Based BCC Solid Solution Alloys 19

1.5 Numerical Analysis of a Multistage MHHC System 20

1.5.1 Assumptions 20

1.5.2 Physical Model and Geometries 21

1.5.3 Heat Equation 22

1.5.4 Hydrogen Mass Balance 22

1.5.5 Momentum Equation 23

1.5.6 Kinetic Expressions for the Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation 23

1.5.7 Equilibrium Pressure 24

1.5.8 Coupled Mass and Energy Balance 24

1.5.9 Validation of the Numerical Model 25

1.5.10 Material Selection for a Three-Stage MHHC 26

1.5.11 Temperature Evolution of the Complete Three-Stage Compression Cycle 27

1.5.12 Pressure and Storage Capacity Evolution During the Complete Three-Stage Compression Cycle 29

1.5.13 Importance of the Number of Stages and Proper Selection 31

1.6 Conclusions 32

Acknowledgments 32

Nomenclature 32

References 33

**2 Nitrogen-Based Hydrogen Storage Systems: A Detailed Overview 39
Ankur Jain, Takayuki Ichikawa and Shivani Agarwal

2.1 Introduction 40

2.2 Amide/Imide Systems 41

2.2.1 Single-Cation Amide/Imide Systems 41

2.2.1.1 Lithium Amide/Imide 41

2.2.1.2 Sodium Amide/Imide 44

2.2.1.3 Magnesium Amide/Imide 47

2.2.1.4 Calcium Amide/Imide 49

2.2.2 Double-Cation Amide/Imide Systems 51

2.2.2.1 Li-Na-N-H 52

2.2.2.2 Li-Mg-N-H 54

2.2.2.3 Other Double-Cation Amides/Imides 58

2.3 Ammonia (NH3) as Hydrogen Storage Media 62

2.3.1 NH3 Synthesis 63

2.3.1.1 Catalytic NH3 Synthesis Using Haber-Bosch Process 63

2.3.1.2 Alternative Routes for NH3 Synthesis 68

2.3.2 NH3 Solid-State Storage 69

2.3.2.1 Metal Ammine Salts 69

2.3.2.2 Ammine Metal Borohydride 70

2.3.3 NH3 Decomposition 71

2.3.4 Application of NH3 to Fuel Cell 73

2.4 Future Prospects 74

References 75

**3 Nanostructured Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Materials: Synthesis and Properties 89
Huaiyu Shao, Xiubo Xie, Jianding Li, Bo Li, Tong Liu and Xingguo Li

3.1 Introduction 90

3.2 Experimental Details 92

3.2.1 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 92

3.2.2 Formation of the Nanostructured Hydrides and Alloys 93

3.2.3 Characterization and Measurements 93

3.3 Synthesis Results of the Nanostructured Samples 94 3.4 Hydrogen Absorption Kinetics 98</p&g...