The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease

The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease provides a comprehensive and invaluable source of information on this important group of diseases. It is an essential guide for those engaged in either basic recording or in-depth research on human remains from archaeological sites. The range of potential tools for investigating metabolic diseases of bone are far greater than for many other conditions, and building on clinical investigations, this book will consider gross, surface features visible using microscopic examination, histological and radiological features of bone, that can be used to help investigate metabolic bone diseases.

• Clear photographs and line drawings illustrate gross, histological and radiological features associated with each of the conditions
• Covers a range of issues pertinent to the study of metabolic bone disease in archaeological skeletal material, including the problems that frequent co-existence of these conditions in individuals living in the past raises, the preservation of human bone and the impact this has on the ability to suggest a diagnosis of a condition
• Includes a range of conditions that can lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis, including previous investigations of these conditions in archaeological bone

Autorentext

Megan B. Brickley is currently Professor and Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in the Bioarchaeology of Human Disease at the Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Canada. Her primary research interests are use of paleopathology in bioarchaeology, and interdisciplinary research on past human health and disease. She has served as past-Chair of the British Association of Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology and an Associate Editor of American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Currently she is an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Paleopathology and the President Elect of the Paleopathology Association. Her publications include two co-authored and six edited books and eighty journal papers and book chapters.

Inhalt

Acknowledgments
Foreword
Chapter 1. Introduction
Metabolic Bone Disease: A Definition
Format of the Book
Chapter 2. The Study of Metabolic Bone Disease in Bioarchaeology
Approaches to the Study of Metabolic Bone Disease
Challenges in the Investigation of Metabolic Bone Disease
Museum Collections
Archaeological Human Bone
Paleopathological Diagnoses
Demographic Issues
Modern Medical Data
Genetics and Anthropology
Cultural and Social Anthropology
Nutritional and Medical Anthropology
Primatology
Conclusions
Chapter 3. Background to Bone Biology and Mineral Metabolism
Bone Tissue: Cortical and Trabecular Bone
Different Types of Bone Structure: Woven Bone and Lamellar Bone
Bone Cells
Modeling and Remodeling: Growth and Adulthood
Mechanisms of Growth
Modeling
Remodeling
Bone Mineralization: The Extracellular Matrix (osteoid)
Tooth Formation and Mineralization
Reasons for Remodeling
Box Feature 3.1. Bone Biology in Context of the Life Course
Bone Biology in Fracture Healing
Mineral Metabolism during Life
Extracellular Mineral Metabolism
Conclusions
Chapter 4. Vitamin C Deficiency Scurvy
Causes of Vitamin C Deficiency
Sources of Vitamin C
Box Feature 4.1. Scurvy and Weaning
The Role of Vitamin C
Vitamin C Requirements
Consequences of Scurvy
Consequences for Adults
Consequences for Children
Scurvy in the Modern Perspective
Anthropological Perspectives
Reference to Probable Scurvy in Early Texts
Box Feature 4.2. Subsistence Change and the Development of Scurvy: The Origins of Agriculture
A More Recent View of Scurvy in the Past
Paleopathological Cases of Scurvy
Diagnosis of Scurvy in Archaeological Bone
Macroscopic Features of Infantile Scurvy
Macroscopic Features of Adult Scurvy
Radiological Features of Infantile Scurvy
Radiological Features of Adult Scurvy
Histological Features of Infantile Scurvy
Histological Features of Adult Scurvy
Differential Diagnosis
Box Feature 4.3. Scurvy in Non-Human Primates: A Result of Human Actions
Conclusions
Appendix: Summary of Published Archaeological Evidence for Vitamin C Deficiency
Chapter 5. Vitamin D Deficiency
The Skeletal Requirement of Vitamin D
Terminology
Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency
Sunlight
Cultural Practices and Sunlight Exposure
Skin Pigmentation and Genetic Adaptations
Food Sources
Pregnancy and Lactation
Increased Age
Age-Related Osteoporosis
Additional Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency with Effects on Mineral Metabolism
Rickets
Consequences of Rickets
Historical Recognition of Rickets
Rickets in the Modern Perspective
Anthropological Perspectives: Rickets
Box Feature 5.1. Beyond Fighting: The Physiological Impact of Warfare
Paleopathological Cases of Rickets
Diagnosis of Rickets in Archaeological Bone
Macroscopic Features of Rickets
Radiological Features of Rickets
Histological Features of Rickets
Residual Rickets in the Anthropological Perspective: Adult Evidence of Childhood Vitamin D Deficiency
Diagnosis of Residual Rickets in Archaeological Bone
Macroscopic Features of Residual Rickets
Radiological Features of Residual Rickets
Histological Features of Rickets
Co-Morbidities
Differential Diagnosis
Vitamin D Deficiency Osteomalacia
Pseudofractures
Adult Vitamin D Deficiency in the Modern Perspective
Box Feature 5.2. Physical and Non-Violent Manifestations of Abuse
Anthropological Perspectives: Osteomalacia
Paleopathological Cases of Osteomalacia
Diagnosis of Osteomalacia in Archaeological Bone
Macroscopic Features of Osteomalacia
Radiological Features of Osteomalacia
Histological Features of Osteomalacia
Conclusions
Appendix: Summary of Published Archaeological Evidence for Vitamin D Deficiency
Chapter 6. Age-Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis
Definitions of Osteoporosis
Causes of Age-Related Osteoporosis
Menopause
Increased Age
Peak Bone Mass
Mechanical Loading
Extremes of Exercise
Continuing Sub-Periosteal Apposition
Genetics and Population Groups
Nutrition and Lifestyle
Skeletal Features of Age-Related Osteoporosis
Consequences of Age-Related Osteoporosis: Fractures
Distal Radius Fractures (Colles ' Fractures)
Vertebral Fractures
Femoral Fractures
Osteoporosis in the Modern Perspective
Anthropological Perspectives
Box Feature 6.1. Historical and Anthropological Perspectives of Aging
Age-Related Osteoporosis in Men
Box Feature 6.2. Animal Studies in Osteoporosis I: Age-Related Bone Loss
Box Feature 6.3. Problems in the Determination of Age-Related Bone Changes in Biological Anthropology
Paleopathological Cases of Age-Related Osteoporosis
Co-Morbidities
Diagnosis of Age-Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis in Archaeological Bone
Macroscopic Features of Osteoporosis
Radiological Features of Osteoporosis
Histological Changes of Osteoporosis
Conclusions
Chapter 7. Secondary Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
Causes of Secondary Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
Osteopenia and Mobility
Effects of Immobilization
Box Feature 7.1. Animal Studies in Osteoporosis II: Immobilization-Related Osteopenia
Trauma and Causes of Immobility
Non-Long Bone Trauma and Additional Causes of Disuse Osteoporosis
Bone Loss in Infectious Diseases
Immobility in Viral Conditions
Congenital and Developmental Conditions
Osteopenia in Spinal Cord or Neuromuscular System Afflictions
Box Feature 7.2. Implications of Immobility and Inferences of Disability
Osteopenia in Pathological Conditions
Joint Disease
Hematopoietic Conditions
Neoplastic and Malignant Condition…