MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment

MDI and TDI are polymer building blocks with a wide range of applications in industry.

Both are used in large quantities and can be found in a wide variety of industries and applications. As their use will often involve large numbers of workers they are also subject to stringent health and safety regulations.

This book covers all the important topics concerning MDI and TDI and provides comprehensive coverage on the health and environmental science associated with these.

Considering the risk management of both substances this is the first book to offer comprehensive discussion of health and environmental issues and includes

• insights from academic, regulatory, and industrial experts

• numerous photographs, spectra, tables, and graphs

• additional information on physical properties and analysis

• Considers the risk management of these two diisocyanates

Addressing their use throughout industry this title presents an essential source of information for occupational physicians, industrial hygiene professionals, polyurethane producers, environmental scientists, chemical analysts and regulators.

Autorentext

D. C. Allport is the editor of MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment: A Source Book and Practical Guide, published by Wiley.

D. S. Gilbert is the editor of MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment: A Source Book and Practical Guide, published by Wiley.

S. M. Outterside is the editor of MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment: A Source Book and Practical Guide, published by Wiley.

Inhalt

List of authors and affiliations ix

A book of distinction xv

Acknowledgements xvii

**MDI and TDI usage: responsible risk management 1
**D C Allport, D S Gilbert and S M Outterside

Exposure, hazard and risk 1

Responsible Care®: a framework for industry action 5

Reading 10

1 **MDI, TDI and the polyurethane industry 11
**D C Allport, D S Gilbert and S M Outterside

Types of MDI 13

Types of TDI 15

Test substances 16

Misapprehensions 16

Polyurethanes made from MDI and TDI 17

Reading 23

**2 Handling MDI and TDI 25
**D C Allport, R C Blake, C Bastian, C Galavitz, D S Gilbert, R Hurd, B Reeve, W Robert, S M Outterside, A Solinas, D Walsh, U Walber and H Wolfson

Pride in safety 25

Successful systems 25

Safety systems for the handling of MDI and TDI 26

Key Theme 1: Know your product 28

Health 31

Environment 32

Key Theme 2: Protecting health 33

Duty of care 33

Exposure: how can MDI or TDI enter the body? 34

Medical symptoms 35

Medical checks 36

Key Theme 3: Neutralization, decontamination and disposal of wastes 39

Types of neutralizer 40

Routine cleaning of equipment and drums 40

Neutralization after a spillage 43

Neutralizer formulations 46

Key Theme 4: Using personal protective equipment 47

Normal operations 47

Emergency situations 48

Selection of personal protective equipment 49

Protective clothing 50

Respiratory protection 51

Key Theme 5: Monitoring exposure 59

How should monitoring be carried out? 60

When should monitoring be carried out? 61

Key Theme 6: Dealing with accidents 62

Accidents can happen 62

Spillages 63

Development of excess pressure inside containers 68

Incidents involving fire 70

Transport of MDI and TDI 72

Transport regulations 73

MDI and TDI: transport temperatures 73

Typical containers for the transport of diisocyanates 75

Accidents and emergencies 85

The workplace: storage and use of MDI and TDI 86

Designing the systems and minimizing the risks 87

Physical and chemical properties relating to storage and processing 93

Storage of MDI and TDI 95

Safety issues in workplaces using MDI and TDI 106

Safety issues in some important polyurethane processes 117

Use of MDI and TDI in laboratories 122

Visitors to the workplace 123

Emergencies in the workplace 124

Releases to atmosphere from polyurethane manufacturing sites 126

Properties of MDI and TDI relevant to releases to atmosphere 127

Releases from polyurethane processes 127

Abatement of releases 138

Reading 148

**3 Health 155
**DC Allport, P Davies, W F Diller, J E Doe, F Floc'h H D Hoffmann, MKatoh and J P Lyon. Appendices by D I Bernstein

Perspective on immediate effects following over exposure 156

First aid procedures 156

Commentary on first aid procedures 157

Human health: the medical background 160

Effects on the eyes 163

Effects on the skin 163

Effects when swallowed 165

Effects on the respiratory tract 165

Other health effects of MDI and TDI 185

Biomonitoring of MDI and TDI 186

Experimental toxicology 187

The interaction of MDI and TDI with biological systems 188

Toxicology studies 193

Diagnosis of diisocyanate asthma 203

Appendices (David I. Bernstein) 203

Reading 216 **4 The environment 229
***RE Bailey, A Gard, K H den Haan, F Heimbach, D Pemberton, II...