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Klappentext

Zur Zeit liegt uns keine Inhaltsangabe vor.

Inhalt

1. The United Nations (UN).- A. The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).- B. Development assistance.- 1. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).- 2. The United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF).- 2. The specialized agencies.- A. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).- B. The International Labour Organization (ILO).- C. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).- 3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS).- 4. Regional integration.- A. Latin America.- 1. The Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI).- 2. The Mercado Común Centroamericano (MCCA).- 3. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM).- 4. The Latin American Economic System (SELA).- B. Asia.- The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN).- C. Africa and the Middle East.- 1. The West African Economic Community (CEAO).- 2. The Mano River Union (MRU).- 3. The Economic Community of the West African States (ECOWAS).- 4. The Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC).- 5. Arab Economic Cooperation.- 5. Regional development banks.- A. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).- B. The Asian Development Bank (AsDB).- C. The African Development Bank (AfDB).- 6. Conclusion.- 1: World Organizations.- 1. The International Monetary Fund.- 1. Origins.- A. Plans.- B. Groups.- C. Amendments.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Capital.- C. Administration.- 1. The Board of Governors.- 2. The Council.- 3. The Executive Board.- 4. The Managing Director.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Financing of balance-of-payments deficits.- 1. Provisions.- a. The general resources.- b. Arrangements not on the account of the Fund.- c. Special Drawing Rights.- 2. Operation.- a. The general resources.- 1. The "tranche" decisions and stand-by arrangements.- Temporary facilities.- 2. The extended facility.- 3. The enlarged access.- 4. Financing for debt and debt-service reduction.- 5. Special facilities.- a. Compensatory and contingency financing facility.- b. Buffer stock financing.- b. Other resources for low-income members.- 1. The structural adjustment facility (SAF).- 2. The enhanced structure adjustment facility (ESAF).- c. Special Drawing Rights.- B. Exchange-rate stability.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Toward the EMS.- Exchange-rate arrangements.- C Currency convertibility.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Promotion of international cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- E. Conservation (and increase) of resources.- 1. Provisions.- a. Charges and remunerations.- b. Repurchases.- c. Replenishment and scarce currency.- d. Gold sales.- 2. Operation.- a. Charges and remunerations.- b. Repurchases.- c. Replenishment and scarce currency.- The General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB).- d. Gold sales.- e. Income and reserves.- f. Inter-central bank cooperation.- Appraisal.- Credit granted too easily.- Undue preference to the less-developed countries.- The international monetary reserves.- SDR.- 2. The World Bank Group.- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.- 1. Objectives.- 2. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 3. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Capital subscriptions.- b. Sale of bonds.- c. Repayment of loans.- d. Sale of claims.- e. Net earnings.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Loans.- b. Guarantees.- c. Investments.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Technical assistance.- 1. Coordination of development assistance.- 2. The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).- 3. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).- The International Development Association.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- The International Finance Cooperation.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members and capital.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Acquisition of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Application of resources.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- C. Utilization of currencies.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Appraisal.- Changing priorities.- Vain exercise.- The role of private capital.- The debt crisis.- 3. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Elimination of discrimination.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Stabilization and reduction of import duties.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. The Kennedy Round.- b. The Tokyo Round.- c. The Uruguay Round.- C. Elimination of quantitative restrictions.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- D. Combating other forms of protection.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Customs valuation.- b. Excise duties.- c. State trade.- d. Subsidies, anti-dumping and countervailing duties.- e. Other forms.- E. Consultations.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- F. Escape clauses.- 1. Provisions.- a. Article 19.- b. Article 18.- c. Articles 20, 21 and 25,5.- 2. Operation.- a. Article 19.- b. Article 18.- c. Articles 21 and 25,5.- G. Action in favour of the less-developed countries.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- Textiles.- Appraisal.- Advantages.- Drawbacks.- Less-developed countries.- Conditions for further progress.- 4. The Commodity Agreements. the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad).- The commodity agreements.- 1. The Wheat Trade Convention.- 2. The International Sugar Agreement.- 3. The International Coffee Agreement.- 4. The International Cocoa Agreement.- 5. The International Tin Agreement.- 6. The International Natural Rubber Agreement.- The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- The new international economic order.- 3. Organization.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Transfer of technology.- B. Trade in manufactures.- C. Shipping.- D. Commodities.- Appraisal.- 1. The commodity agreements.- Prices.- The method of stabilization.- Beneficiaries.- 2. UNCTAD.- 5. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Goods.- b. Invisible transactions.- c. Capital.- d. Multilateral settlements.- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- 1. Origins.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Organization.- A. Members.- B. Administration.- 1. The Council.- 2. The Executive Committee.- 3. The Secretariat.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. General economic cooperation.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. General economic policy.- b. Energy.- c. Environment.- d. Central and Eastern Europe.- B. Liberalization of goods, invisible transactions and capital.- 1. Provisions.- 2. Operation.- a. Goods.- b. Invisible transactions.- c. Capital.- d. Multilateral settlements.- C. Relations with less-developed countries.- Appraisal.- The Organization for European Economic Cooperation.- The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.- 2: European Organizations.- 6. Benelux.- 1. Origins.- A. Preparatory phase.- B. Pre-Union.- C. Economic union.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Administration.- A. Executive institutions.- B. Consultative and arbitration bodies.- 4. Functions and operation.- A. Liberalization of goods, services and capital.- 1. Goods.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 2. Services.- a. Provisions.- b. Operation.- 3.…