Bats and Viruses

Approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, and the rate of emergence of zoonotic diseases is on the rise. Bats are being increasingly recognised as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including SARS coronavirus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and Ebola virus. Understanding bats' role in emerging zoonotic diseases is crucial to this rapidly expanding area of research.

Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases provides an updated overview of research focusing on bat biology and the role bats play as hosts of many major zoonotic viruses. The text covers bat biology, immunology, and genomics. Chapters also delve into the various major bat-borne virus families, including lyssaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses and reoviruses, among others.
Edited by leaders in the field, Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases is a timely, invaluable reference for bat researchers studying microbiology, virology and immunology, as well as infectious disease workers and epidemiologists, among others.

Autorentext

**Edited by

Lin-Fa Wang is Director of the Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases at Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, and an Office of the Chief Executive Science Leader at CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Christopher Cowled is a Research Scientist at the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory in Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Inhalt

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xv

**1 THE UNIQUENESS OF BATS 1
**Paul A. Racey

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Flight 2

1.3 Echolocation 4

1.4 Communication 5

1.5 Foraging, Diet, and Ecosystem Services 5

1.6 Heterothermy, Daily Torpor, and Hibernation 7

1.7 Reproduction 8

1.8 Life History Strategies 9

1.9 Roosting Ecology 9

1.9.1 Caves 9

1.9.2 Trees 10

1.9.3 Houses 10

1.9.4 Foliage 10

1.9.5 Roosts of other species 11

1.9.6 Roost fidelity 11

1.10 Migration 11

1.11 Climate Change 12

1.12 Disease?]Related Mortality 13

1.13 Conservation and Disease Surveillance 14

Acknowledgment 14

References 15

**2 VIRUSES IN BATS: A HISTORIC REVIEW 23
**Charles H. Calisher

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Knowledge of Bats, Background 25

2.3 Early, Somewhat Random Bat Virus Discoveries 25

2.4 More Recent Bat Virus Discoveries 27

2.4.1 Marburg and Ebola viruses (order Mononegavirales, family Filoviridae, genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus, respectively) 27

2.4.2 Hendra and Nipah viruses (order Mononegavirales, family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus), and other

paramyxoviruses 28

2.4.3 Coronaviruses (order Nidovirales, family Coronaviridae, genus Coronavirus) 30

2.4.4 Other viruses detected in bats 31

2.5 Summary 36

Acknowledgments 41

References 41

**3 BAT LYSSAVIRUSES 47
**Ivan V. Kuzmin and Charles E. Rupprecht

3.1 Lyssavirus Genus 47

3.2 Pathobiology 54

3.3 Surveillance and Diagnosis 57

3.4 General Biological Considerations on Bat Rabies 59

3.5 Global Distribution of Bat Lyssaviruses 62

3.5.1 The Americas 62

3.5.2 Africa 69

3.5.3 Eurasia 72

3.5.4 Australia 78

3.6 Public Health and Veterinary Significance of Bat Rabies 80

3.7 Conclusions 84

References 85

**4 BAT PARAMYXOVIRUSES 99
**Danielle E. Anderson and Glenn A. Marsh

4.1 Introduction to the Paramyxoviridae 99

4.1.1 Virus structure 100

4.1.2 Genome organization 101

4.1.3 Paramyxovirus replication 103

4.2 Bats as a Major Source of New Paramyxoviruses 105

4.2.1 Sampling methods 105

4.2.2 Methodologies utilized in the detection and characterization of paramyxoviruses 106

4.3 Known Bat Paramyxoviruses 109

4.3.1 Hendra virus (HeV) 109

4.3.2 Nipah virus (NiV) 111

4.3.3 Menangle virus (MenPV) 112

4.3.4 Cedar virus (CedPV) 113

4.3.5 Mapuera virus (MprPV) 114

4.3.6 Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV) 114

4.3.7 Tioman virus (TioPV) 114

4.3.8 Achimota viruses (AchPV) 114

4.3.9 Tukoko viruses (ThkPV) 115

4.3.10 Sosuga virus (SosPV) 115

4.3.11 Other paramyxoviruses 115

4.4 Risks, Control, and Prevention 116

4.4.1 Risk of spillover 116

4.4.2 Reservoir host management 117

4.4.3 Vaccines 117

4.5 Conclusions 118

Acknowledgments 118

References 118

**5 BAT CORONAVIRUSES 127
*Xing?]Yi Ge, Ben Hu, and Zheng?]*Li Shi

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Human Diseases Related to Bat Coronaviruses 134

5.2.1 SARS 134

5.2.2 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) 140

5.3 Genetic Diversity of Bat Coronaviruses 142

5.3.1 Alphacoronaviruses 142

5.3.2 Betacoronaviruses 145

5.3.3 Gammacoronaviruses 146

5.3.4 Classification of coronaviruses 146

5.4 Conclusions 147 Acknowledgments 148<...