Radiative Transfer in Coupled Environmental Systems

This book is dedicated to the formulation and solution of forward and inverse problems related to coupled media, and provides examples of how to solve concrete problems in environmental remote sensing of coupled atmosphere-surface systems. The authors discuss radiative transfer in coupled media such as the atmosphere-ocean system with Lambertian as well non-Lambertian reflecting surfaces at the lower boundary. The spectral range from the ultraviolet to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum is considered, as are multi-spectral as well as hyperspectral remote sensing, while solutions of the forward problem for unpolarized and polarized radiation are discussed in detail.

Autorentext

*Knut Stamnes is professor of physics in the Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, and Director of the Light and Life Laboratory at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken New Jersey. Stamnes began his career in upper atmospheric physics, and has since specialized in atmospheric radiation, remote sensing, and climate-related studies. He is a fellow of the OSA, a member of the AGU, EGU, and SPIE, and was elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences in 2009.*

*Jakob J. Stamnes is professor of physics in the Department of Physics and Technology at the University of Bergen, Norway. He is fellow of the OSA, founding member and fellow of the EOS (European Optical Society), a member of the SPIE, EGU, and the Norwegian Physical Society, and was elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences in 2009.*

Klappentext
This book discusses radiative transfer in coupled media such as atmosphere-ocean systems with Lambertian as well non-Lambertian refl ecting surfaces at the lower boundary.

The spectral range from the ultraviolet to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum is considered, and multi-spectral as well as hyperspectral remote sensing is discussed. Solutions of the forward problem for unpolarized and polarized radiation are discussed in considerable detail, but what makes this book unique is that formulations and solutions of the inverse problem related to such coupled media are covered in a comprehensive and systematic manner. This book teaches the reader how to formulate and solve forward and inverse problems related to coupled media, and gives examples of how to solve concrete problems in environmental remote sensing of coupled atmosphere-surface systems. From the contents:

• Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs)
• Basic Radiative Transfer Theory
• Forward Radiative Transfer Modeling
• The Inverse Problem
• Applications

Zusammenfassung
Radiative Transfer in Coupled Environmental Systems This book discusses radiative transfer in coupled media such as atmosphere-ocean systems with Lambertian as well non-Lambertian refl ecting surfaces at the lower boundary. The spectral range from the ultraviolet to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum is considered, and multi-spectral as well as hyperspectral remote sensing is discussed. Solutions of the forward problem for unpolarized and polarized radiation are discussed in considerable detail, but what makes this book unique is that formulations and solutions of the inverse problem related to such coupled media are covered in a comprehensive and systematic manner. This book teaches the reader how to formulate and solve forward and inverse problems related to coupled media, and gives examples of how to solve concrete problems in environmental remote sensing of coupled atmosphere-surface systems. From the contents:

• Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs)
• Basic Radiative Transfer Theory
• Forward Radiative Transfer Modeling
• The Inverse Problem
• Applications

Inhalt
Preface XI

Acknowledgments XIII

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Brief History 1

1.2 What is Meant by a Coupled System? 2

1.3 Scope 3

1.4 Limitations of Scope 4

2 Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) 7

2.1 General Definitions 7

2.1.1 Absorption Coefficient and Volume Scattering Function 7

2.1.2 Scattering Phase Function 8

2.2 Examples of Scattering Phase Functions 11

2.2.1 Rayleigh Scattering Phase Function 11

2.2.2 HenyeyGreenstein Scattering Phase Function 11

2.2.3 FournierForand Scattering Phase Function 13

2.2.4 The Petzold Scattering Phase Function 14

2.3 Scattering Phase Matrix 14

2.3.1 Stokes Vector Representation IS = [I,Q,U,V]T 16

2.3.2 Stokes Vector Representation I = [I, I,U,V]T 20

2.3.3 Generalized Spherical Functions 22

2.4 IOPs of a Polydispersion of Particles Integration over the Size Distribution 24

2.4.1 IOPs for a Mixture of Different Particle Types 25

2.4.2 Treatment of Strongly Forward-Peaked Scattering 26

2.4.3 Particle Size Distributions (PSDs) 28

2.5 Scattering of an Electromagnetic Wave by Particles 29

2.5.1 Summary of Electromagnetic Scattering 30

2.5.2 Amplitude Scattering Matrix 31

2.5.3 Scattering Matrix 32

2.5.4 Extinction, Scattering, and Absorption 34

2.6 Absorption and Scattering by Spherical Particles MieLorenz Theory 35

2.7 Atmosphere IOPs 41

2.7.1 Vertical Structure 41

2.7.2 Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere 42

2.7.3 Molecular IOPs 43

2.7.4 IOPs of Suspended Particles in the Atmosphere 45

2.7.5 Aerosol IOPs 45

2.7.6 Cloud IOPs 47

2.8 Snow and Ice IOPs 48

2.8.1 General Approach 48

2.8.2 Extension of Particle IOP Parameterization to Longer Wavelengths 50

2.8.3 Impurities, Air Bubbles, Brine Pockets, and Snow 51

2.9 Water IOPs 53

2.9.1 Absorption and Scattering by PureWater 53

2.9.2 Absorption and Scattering byWater Impurities 54

2.9.3 Bio-Optical Model Based on the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) 56

2.10 Fresnel Reflectance and Transmittance at a Plane Interface Between Two Coupled Media 63

2.10.1 Stokes Vector of Reflected Radiation 65

2.10.2 Total Reflection 65

2.10.3 Stokes Vector of Transmitted Radiation 67

2.11 Surface Roughness Treatment 68

2.11.1 Basic Definitions 68

2.11.2 Reciprocity Relation and Kirchhoff's Law 70

2.11.3 Specular Versus Lambertian and Non-Lambertian Reflection at the Lower Boundary 71

2.11.4 Scattering, Emission, and Transmission by a Random Rough Surface Kirchhoff Approximation 72

2.11.4.1 Rough Dielectric Interface 72

2.11.5 Slope Statistics for a Wind-Roughened Water Surface 76

2.12 Land Surfaces 77

2.12.1 Unpolarized Light 78

2.12.2 Polarized Light 82

3 Basic Radiative Transfer Theory 85

3.1 Derivation of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) 85

3.1.1 RTE for Unpolarized Radiation 85

3.1.2 RTE for Polarized Radiation 87

3.2 Radiative Transfer of Unpolarized Radiation in Coupled Systems 88

3.2.1 Isolation of Azimuth Dependence 89

3.3 Radiative Transfer of Polarized Radiation in Coupled Systems 90

3.3.1 Isolation of Azimuth Dependence 91

3.4 Methods of Solution of the RTE 93

3.4.1 Formal Solutions 94

3.4.2 Single-Scattering Approximation 96

3.4.3 Successive Order of Scattering (SOS) Method 100

3.4.4 Discrete-Ordinate Method 102

3.4.5 Doubling-Adding and Matrix OperatorMethods 105

3.4.6 Monte Carlo Method 109

3.5 Calculation ofWeighting Functions Jacobians 110

3.5.1 Linearized Radiative Transfer 110

3.5.2 Neural Network Forward Models 112

4 Forward Radiative Transfer Modeling 117 4.1 Quadrature Rule The Double-...