This book studies reasons behind the dramatic decline in total fertility rate (TFR), which has dropped to half of its previous levels. A major factor contributing to this trend is the widespread lack of recognition of fertility issues as a medical concern, compounded by insufficient societal awareness. To better understand the dynamics of human reproduction, this book identifies various factors that influence fertility, including the male and female reproductive systems, lifestyle choices, career demands, societal pressures, environmental factors, and personal habits (e.g., millennials). Central to this understanding is the collection of vast amounts of data, for which AI algorithms play a crucial role. The book studies how AI can help predict fertility outcomes by analyzing diverse datasets for both male and female populations. It also discusses the growing reliance on assisted reproductive technologies, despite their high costs and inconsistent success rates, and how AI can assist in predicting these success rates to ease the financial burden on patients. The primary goal of this book is to highlight how (explainable) AI can become a powerful tool in predicting human fertility. Ultimately, it aims at raising the global TFR and addressing the challenges posed by declining fertility rates around the world.

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Prof. KC Santosh is Highly Accomplished AI Expert and TEDx Speaker and is Chair of the Department of Computer Science at the University of South Dakota (USD), where he also serves as Founding Director of the AI Research Lab. His extensive background includes serving as Research Fellow at NIH and Postdoctoral Research Scientist (ITESOFT co.) at LORIA Research Center, France. With over $8 million in funding from sources such as the DOD, NSF, ED, and SDBOR, 10 published books, and more than 250 peer-reviewed research articles (including in IEEE TPAMI, IEEE TAI, and IEEE TMI), he contributes as Associate Editor for prestigious journals like IEEE Transactions on AI, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, International J of Machine Learning and Cybernetics, and International J of Pattern Recognition and AI and actively serves as Program Chair for reputed conferences such as the IEEE Conference on AI, CogMI, and CBMS, and serves as a U.S. Speaker for AI Education as well as a member of the NIST AI Safety Institute Consortium.

Dr. Debasmita Ghosh Roy is Assistant Professor at the School of Automation, Banasthali Vidyapith (BV). She received her B.Tech. in applied electronics and instrumentation from the West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT), India, in 2008 and her M.Tech. in control and instrumentation from WBUT in 2012. Dr. Roy completed her Ph.D. in control and instrumentation (specialized in AI for human fertility assessment) from Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India, in 2025. Her research interests include bioinformatics, pattern recognition, machine learning, deep learning, explainable AI, and data analytics. She is Member of the AI Research Lab.