Interference Analysis

The book describes how interference can be managed so that radio systems co-exist, without harmful mutual effects, within a finite amount of spectrum. This is timely in view of the increasing proliferation of wireless systems. It covers both the processes, such as regional or international coordination, as well as the engineering principles. Written by an author with extensive experience in the industry, it describes in detail the main methodologies for calculating or computing the interference between radio systems of the same type, and also between radio systems of different types

Autorentext

John Andrew Pahl, Director, Transfinite Systems Ltd, UK
Pahl has worked in the field of interference analysis since the late 1980s and is director of a company specializing in this field. The company undertakes consultancy work, and has clients involved in many different types of radio systems from mobile to satellite to fixed, exposing the author to a wider range of technologies and methodologies than many in the field. He receives regular invitations to Chair international conferences, and is a recognized world expert in Equivalent Power Flux Density (EPFD) analysis under Article 22 of the Radio Regulations. He is an experienced trainer and writer, having given dozens of training courses for his company and helping his clients understand the issues involved in interference analysis. Pahl is ideally placed, therefore, to write this book which is aimed at the professional market he inhabits.

Inhalt

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Motivations and Target Audience 2

1.2 Book Structure 2

1.3 Chapter Structure and Additional Resources 3

1.4 Case Study: How to Observe Interference 3

2 Motivations 6

2.1 Why Undertake Interference Analysis? 6

2.2 Drivers of Change 7

2.3 The Regulatory Framework 8

2.4 International Regulations 10

2.4.1 History and Structure 10

2.4.2 The Radiocommunication Sector 13

2.4.3 Radio Regulations 15

2.4.4 World Radiocommunication Conference 23

2.4.5 Study Groups and Working Parties 24

2.4.6 Recommendations and Reports 25

2.5 Updating the Radio Regulations and Recommendations 27

2.6 Meetings and Presenting Results 29

2.7 National Regulators 34

2.8 Regional and Industry Organisations 35

2.9 Frequency Assignment and Planning 37

2.10 Coordination 40

2.11 Types of Interference Analysis 42

2.12 Further Reading and Next Steps 42

3 Fundamental Concepts 43

3.1 Radiocommunication Systems 43

3.2 Radio Waves and Decibels 46

3.3 The Power Calculation 49

3.4 Carrier Types and Modulation 52

3.4.1 Overview 52

3.4.2 Analogue Modulation 53

3.4.3 Digital Modulation 55

3.4.4 Frequency Hopping and OFDM 60

3.4.5 Digital Modulation Selection 62

3.4.6 Pulse Modulation and UWB 64

3.4.7 Filtering 64

3.5 Multiple Access Methods 66

3.5.1 Overview 66

3.5.2 Collision Sensing Multiple Access 68

3.5.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access 69

3.5.4 Time Division Multiple Access 70

3.5.5 Code Division Multiple Access 71

3.5.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 75

3.6 Noise Temperature and Reference Points 75

3.7 Antennas 82

3.7.1 Basic Concepts 82

3.7.2 Beams and Beamwidths 85

3.7.3 Common Gain Pattern Types 85

3.7.4 Isotropic Gain Pattern 88

3.7.5 Parabolic Dish Antennas 88

3.7.6 Elliptical Patterns 92

3.7.7 Phased Array Antennas 95

3.7.8 Azimuth Dependent Antennas 96

3.7.9 Elevation Dependent Antennas 98

3.7.10 Azimuth and Elevation Slices 99

3.7.11 3D Gain Tables 100

3.7.12 Antenna Pointing Methods 101

3.8 Geometry and Dynamics 101

3.8.1 Geometric Frameworks 101

3.8.2 Flat Earth Vectors 103

3.8.3 Earth Spherical Coordinates 105

3.8.4 ECI Vector Coordinates 110

3.8.5 Ellipsoidal Earth and Orbit Models 120

3.8.6 Delay and Doppler 121

3.9 Calculation of Angles 122

3.9.1 Azimuth and Elevation 122

3.9.2 Terrestrial 123

3.9.3 Satellite 123

3.9.4 Angles in the Antenna Frame 124

3.9.5 Off-Axis Angle from ECI Vectors 125

3.9.6 Theta Phi Coordinates 127

3.10 Statistics and Distributions 128

3.11 Link Budgets and Metrics 133

3.12 Spectrum Efficiency and Requirements 138

3.13 Worked Example 140

3.14 Further Reading and Next Steps 142

4 Propagation Models 144

4.1 Overview 145

4.2 The Propagation Environment 148

4.2.1 Effective Earth Radius 148

4.2.2 Geoclimatic and Meteorological Parameters 150

4.2.3 Radio Climatic Zones 150

4.2.4 Terrain and Surface Databases 152

4.2.5 Land Use Databases 155

4.2.6 Signal Variation and Fast Fading 156

4.3 Terrestrial Propagation Models 160

4.3.1 P.525: Free Space Path Loss 160

4.3.2 P.526: Diffraction 161

4.3.3 P.530: Multipath and Rain Fade 165

4.3.4 P.452: Interference Prediction 169

4.3.5 P.1546: Point-to-Area Prediction 173 4.3.6 P.1812: Point-to-Are...