Open-Ended Problems

This is a unique book with nearly 1000 problems and 50 case studies on open-ended problems in every key topic in chemical engineering that helps to better prepare chemical engineers for the future. The term "open-ended problem" basically describes an approach to the solution of a problem and/or situation for which there is not a unique solution. The Introduction to the general subject of open-ended problems is followed by 22 chapters, each of which addresses a traditional chemical engineering or chemical engineering-related topic. Each of these chapters contain a brief overview of the subject matter of concern, e.g., thermodynamics, which is followed by sample open-ended problems that have been solved (by the authors) employing one of the many possible approaches to the solutions. This is then followed by approximately 40-45 open-ended problems with no solutions (although many of the authors' solutions are available for those who adopt the book for classroom or training purposes). A reference section is included with the chapter's contents. Term projects, comprised of 12 additional chapter topics, complement the presentation. This book provides academic, industrial, and research personnel with the material that covers the principles and applications of open-ended chemical engineering problems in a thorough and clear manner. Upon completion of the text, the reader should have acquired not only a working knowledge of the principles of chemical engineering, but also (and more importantly) experience in solving open-ended problems. What many educators have learned is that the applications and implications of open-ended problems are not only changing professions, but also are moving so fast that many have not yet grasped their tremendous impact. The book drives home that the open-ended approach will revolutionize the way chemical engineers will need to operate in the future.

Autorentext

LOUIS THEODORE, EngScD, is a retired professor of chemical engineering (50 years). He is the author of several Wiley publications, including Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer, Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer, and Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations. Dr. Theodore is also a contributor to Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook.

J. Patrick Abulencia is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Manhattan College. He received his B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from Manhattan College, and his Ph.D. in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering from Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Abulencia typically teaches material and energy balances, thermodynamics, fluid flow, and unit operations laboratory. His research interests include water filtration, life cycle assessment, and engineering education. He co-authored with Louis Theodore Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer.

Inhalt
**Preface xix

Acknowledgements xxi

Part I: Introduction to the Open-Ended Problem Approach 1

Part II: Chemical Engineering Topics 13

1 Materials Science and Engineering 15

**1.1 Overview 15

1.2 Crystallography of Perfect Crystals (CPC) 17

1.3 Crystallography of Real Crystals (CRC) 25

1.4 Materials of Construction 27

1.5 Resistivity 28

1.6 Semiconductors 29

1.7 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 30

1.8 Open-Ended Problems 34

References 37

**2 Applied Mathematics 39

**2.1 Overview 39

2.2 Differentiation and Integration 41

2.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations 42

2.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 43

2.5 Ordinary and Partial Differential Equation 44

2.6 Optimization 45

2.7 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 48

2.8 Open-Ended Problems 51

References 56

**3 Stoichiometry 59

**3.1 Overview 59

3.2 The Conservation Law 60

3.3 Conservation of Mass, Energy, and Momentum 62

3.4 Stoichiometry 64

3.5 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 67

3.6 Open-Ended Problems 72

References 77

**4 Thermodynamics 79

**4.1 Overview 79

4.2 Enthalpy Effects 81

4.3 Second Law Calculations 84

4.4 Phase Equilibrium 86

4.5 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium 88

4.6 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 90

4.7 Open-Ended Problems 94

References 97

**5 Fluid Flow 99

**5.1 Overview 99

5.2 Basic Laws 101

5.3 Key Fluid Flow Equations 102

5.4 Fluid-Particle Applications 108

5.5 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 110

5.6 Open-Ended Problems 114

References 118

**6 Heat Transfer 119

**6.1 Overview 119

6.2 Conduction 121

6.3 Convection 122

6.4 Radiation 125

6.5 Condensation, Boiling, Refrigeration, and Cryogenics 126

6.6 Heat Exchangers 127

6.7 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 129

6.8 Open-Ended Problems 134

References 139

**7 Mass Transfer Operations 141

**7.1 Overview 141

7.2 Absorption 143

7.3 Adsorption 148

7.4 Distillation 152

7.5 Other Mass Transfer Processes 158

7.6 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 160

7.7 Open-Ended Problems 163

References 166

**8 Chemical Reactors 169

**8.1 Overview 169

8.2 Chemical Kinetics 171

8.3 Batch Reactors 174

8.4 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 176

8.5 Tubular Flow Reactors 178

8.6 Catalytic Reactors 181

8.7 Thermal Effects 184

8.8 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 187

8.9 Open-Ended Problems 192

References 196

**9 Process Control and Instrumentation 197

**9.1 Overview 197

9.2 Process Control Fundamentals 199

9.3 Feedback Control 203

9.4 Feedforward Control 204

9.5 Cascade Control 205

9.6 Alarms and Trips 206

9.7 Illustrative Open-Ended Problems 207

9.8 Open-Ended Problems 209

References 212

**10 Economics and Finance

**10.1 Overview 213

10.2 Capital Costs 216

10.3 Operating Costs 217
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