Intelligent Transport Systems

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS

This book provides a systematic overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), offering an insight into the reference architectures developed within the main research projects. It delves into each of the layers of such architectures, from physical to application layer, describing the technological issues which are being currently faced by some of the most important ITS research groups. The book concludes with some end-user services and applications deployed by industrial partners.

The book is a well-balanced combination of academic contributions and industrial applications in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems. It includes the most representative technologies and research results achieved by some of the most relevant research groups working on ITS, collated to show the chances of generating industrial solutions to be deployed in real transportation environments.

Autorentext

EDITED BY

Asier Perallos, Unai Hernandez-Jayo, Enrique Onieva
Deusto Institute of Technology (DeustoTech) - University of Deusto, Spain

Ignacio García-Zuazola

Loughborough University, UK

Klappentext

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS This book provides a systematic overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), offering an insight into the reference architectures developed within the main research projects. It delves into each of the layers of such architectures, from physical to application layer, describing the technological issues which are being currently faced by some of the most important ITS research groups. The book concludes with some end-user services and applications deployed by industrial partners. The book is a well-balanced combination of academic contributions and industrial applications in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems. It includes the most representative technologies and research results achieved by some of the most relevant research groups working on ITS, collated to show the chances of generating industrial solutions to be deployed in real transportation environments.

Zusammenfassung
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS This book provides a systematic overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), offering an insight into the reference architectures developed within the main research projects. It delves into each of the layers of such architectures, from physical to application layer, describing the technological issues which are being currently faced by some of the most important ITS research groups. The book concludes with some end-user services and applications deployed by industrial partners. The book is a well-balanced combination of academic contributions and industrial applications in the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems. It includes the most representative technologies and research results achieved by some of the most relevant research groups working on ITS, collated to show the chances of generating industrial solutions to be deployed in real transportation environments.

Inhalt
About the Editors xv

List of Contributors xvii

Foreword xxiii

Acknowledgements xxxii

Part 1 Intelligent Transportation Systems 1

**1 Reference ITS Architectures in Europe 3
Begoña Molinete, Sergio Campos, Ignacio (Iñaki) Olabarrieta and Ana Isabel Torre

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 FRAME: The European ITS Framework Architecture 3

1.2.1 Background 4

1.2.2 Scope 5

1.2.3 Methodology and Content 6

1.3 Cooperative Systems and Their Impact on the European ITS Architecture Definition 7

1.3.1 Research Projects and Initiatives 7

1.3.2 Pilots and Field Operational Tests 8

1.3.3 European Policy and Standardization Framework 9

1.3.4 Impact on FRAME Architecture 9

1.4 Experiences in ITS Architecture Design 10

1.4.1 Cybercars2: Architecture Design for a Cooperative Cybernetics Transport System 10

1.4.2 MoveUs CloudBased Platform Architecture 13

References 17

**2 Architecture Reference of ITS in the USA 18
Clifford D. Heise

2.1 Introduction 18

2.2 National ITS Architecture in the USA 19

2.3 Origins of ITS Architecture in the USA 19

2.4 US National ITS Architecture Definition 20

2.4.1 The Development Process 20

2.4.2 User Services 22

2.4.3 Logical Architecture 22

2.4.4 Physical Architecture 23

2.4.5 Services 25

2.4.6 Standards Mapping 25

2.5 Impact on ITS Development in USA 26

2.5.1 Architecture and Standards Regulation 27

2.5.2 ITS Planning 28

2.5.3 ITS Project Development 29

2.5.4 Tools 32

2.6 Evolution of the National ITS Architecture 34

References 35

Part 2 Wireless Vehicular Communications 37

**3 Wireless Communications in Vehicular Environments 39
Pekka Eloranta and Timo Sukuvaara

3.1 Background and History of Vehicular Networking 39

3.2 Vehicular Networking Approaches 46

3.3 Vehicular Adhoc Networking 48

3.3.1 Vehicletoinfrastructure Communication 50

3.3.2 Vehicletovehicle Communication 51

3.3.3 Combined Vehicletovehicle and Vehicletoinfrastructure Communication 52

3.3.4 Hybrid Vehicular Network 53

3.3.5 LTE and Liquid Applications 54

References 55

**4 The Case for Wireless Vehicular Communications Supported by Roadside Infrastructure 57
Tiago Meireles, José Fonseca and Joaquim Ferreira

4.1 Introduction 57

4.1.1 Rationale for Infrastructurebased Vehicle Communications for Safety Applications 59

4.2 MAC Solutions for Safety Applications in Vehicular Communications 61

4.2.1 Infrastructurebased Collisionfree MAC Protocols 63

4.2.2 RTWiFi TDMA Layer 65

4.2.3 Vehicular Deterministic Access (VDA) 65

4.2.4 Selforganizing TDMA (STDMA) 66

4.2.5 MSAloha 66

4.3 Vehicular Flexible Timetriggered Protocol 68

4.3.1 Model for RSU Deployment in Motorways 68

4.3.2 RSU Infrastructure Window (IW) 69

4.3.3 VFTT Protocol Overview 71

4.3.4 Synchronous OBU Window (SOW) 74

4.4 VFTT Protocol Details 75

4.4.1 Trigger Message Size 75

4.4.2 Synchronous OBU Window Length (lsow) 77

4.4.3 VFTT Protocol Using IEEE 802.11p/WAVE / ITS G5 78

4.5 Conclusions 80

References 81

5 Cyber Security Risk Analysis for Intelligent Transport Systems and Invehicle Networks 83
Alastair R. Ruddle and David D. Ward

5.1 Introduction 83

5.2 Automotive Cyber Security Vulnerabilities 84

5.2.1 Information Security 85

5.2.2 Electromagnetic Vulnerabilities 85

5.3 Standards and Guidelines 86

5.3.1 Risk Analysis Concepts 86 5.3.2 Fu...