Insect Biodiversity

Volume Two of the new guide to the study of biodiversity in insects

Volume Two of Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society presents an entirely new, companion volume of a comprehensive resource for the most current research on the influence insects have on humankind and on our endangered environment. With contributions from leading researchers and scholars on the topic, the text explores relevant topics including biodiversity in different habitats and regions, taxonomic groups, and perspectives.

Volume Two offers coverage of insect biodiversity in regional settings, such as the Arctic and Asia, and in particular habitats including crops, caves, and islands. The authors also include information on historical, cultural, technical, and climatic perspectives of insect biodiversity.

This book explores the wide variety of insect species and their evolutionary relationships. Case studies offer assessments on how insect biodiversity can help meet the needs of a rapidly expanding human population, and examine the consequences that an increased loss of insect species will have on the world. This important text:

• Offers the most up-to-date information on the important topic of insect biodiversity

• Explores vital topics such as the impact on insect biodiversity through habitat loss and degradation and climate change

• With its companion Volume I, presents current information on the biodiversity of all insect orders

• Contains reviews of insect biodiversity in culture and art, in the fossil record, and in agricultural systems

• Includes scientific approaches and methods for the study of insect biodiversity

The book offers scientists, academics, professionals, and students a guide for a better understanding of the biology and ecology of insects, highlighting the need to sustainably manage ecosystems in an ever-changing global environment.

Autorentext

ROBERT G. FOOTTIT is a research scientist specializing in the taxonomy of aphids and related groups, with the Canadian National Collection of Insects and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. His research interests include the use of morphological and molecular approaches in the study of aphid species and populations.

PETER H. ADLER is a professor of entomology at Clemson University, where he holds a teaching and research appointment, specializing in the behavior, ecology, genetics, and systematics of insects, particularly butterflies and medically important flies.

Klappentext

Volume Two of the new guide to the study of biodiversity in insects

Volume Two of Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society presents an entirely new, companion volume of a comprehensive resource for the most current research on the influence insects have on humankind and on our endangered environment. With contributions from leading researchers and scholars on the topic, the text explores relevant topics including biodiversity in different habitats and regions, taxonomic groups, and perspectives.

Volume Two offers coverage of insect biodiversity in regional settings, such as the Arctic and Asia, and in particular habitats including crops, caves, and islands. The authors also include information on historical, cultural, technical, and climatic perspectives of insect biodiversity.

This book explores the wide variety of insect species and their evolutionary relationships. Case studies offer assessments on how insect biodiversity can help meet the needs of a rapidly expanding human population, and examine the consequences that an increased loss of insect species will have on the world. This important text:

• Offers the most up-to-date information on the important topic of insect biodiversity
• Explores vital topics such as the impact on insect biodiversity through habitat loss and degradation and climate change
• With its companion Volume I, presents current information on the biodiversity of all insect orders
• Contains reviews of insect biodiversity in culture and art, in the fossil record, and in agricultural systems
• Includes scientific approaches and methods for the study of insect biodiversity
  The book offers scientists, academics, professionals, and students a guide for a better understanding of the biology and ecology of insects, highlighting the need to sustainably manage ecosystems in an ever-changing global environment.

Inhalt

List of Contributors xxiii

Foreword xxix

Preface, Volume II xxxiii

Acknowledgments xxxv

**1 Introduction A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1
**Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit

1.1 Discovery 1

1.2 Conceptual Development 5

1.3 Information Management 6

1.4 Conclusions 7

Acknowledgments 8

References 8

Part I Habitats and Regions 13

**2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15
**Ian D. Hodkinson

2.1 Documenting Biodiversity Traditional Taxonomy Versus DNA Barcoding 17

2.2 Insect Species Diversity in the Arctic 18

2.2.1 Composition of the Arctic Insect Fauna 18

2.2.2 Species Richness Trends Along Latitudinal Gradients 25

2.2.3 Geographical and Regional Variations in Species Richness 27

2.2.4 Diversity Oases Within the Arctic 28

2.3 Historical Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic the Time Perspective 29

2.3.1 Nunataks and Glacial Refugia as Generators of Biodiversity 30

2.3.2 Endemism 31

2.4 Biodiversity on the Landscape Scale 32

2.4.1 Variation in Biodiversity on a Landscape Scale 32

2.4.2 Local Effects on Biodiversity Predation and Natural Disturbance 34

2.5 Important Characteristics of Arctic Insect Biodiversity 35

2.5.1 Specialist Versus Generalist Species 35

2.5.2 LifeHistory Adaptation 35

2.5.3 Genetic Diversity Within Species and Groups 36

2.5.4 Reproductive Variation and Parthenogenesis 36

2.5.5 A Diversity of Adaptations for Maximizing Heat Absorption 37

2.6 Cold Tolerance a Diversity of Adaptations 38

2.6.1 Brachyptery and Wing Polymorphism 39

2.7 Dispersal, Immigration, and Biodiversity 39

2.8 Pollinator Networks and Pollinator Biodiversity 40

2.9 A Biodiversity Paradise for Parasites? 41

2.10 Biodiversity and the Changing Arctic Climate 42

References 44

**3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59
**Seunghwan Lee and Ram Keshari Duwal

3.1 Physical Geography and Climate 62

3.2 Features of Insect Biodiversity in the Lower Mekong Subregion 62

3.2.1 Blattodea 70

3.2.2 Coleoptera 70

3.2.3 Dermaptera 71

3.2.4 Diptera 72

3.2.5 Embiodea 72

3.2.6 Ephemeroptera 72

3.2.7 Hemiptera 72

3.2.8 Hymenoptera 72

3.2.9 Isoptera 72

3.2.10 Lepidoptera 72

3.2.11 Mantodea 73

3.2.12 Mecoptera 73

3.2.13 Megaloptera 73

3.2.14 Microcoryphia and Zygentoma 73

3.2.15 Neuroptera 73

3.2.16 Notoptera (Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea) 73

3.2.17 Odonata 73

3.2.18 Orthoptera 73

3.2.19 Phasmatodea 73

3.2.20 Phthiraptera 73

3.2.21 Plecoptera 74

3.2.22 Psocoptera 74

3.2.23 Raphidioptera 74

3.2.24 Siphonaptera 74

3.2.25 Strepsiptera 74

3.2.26 Thysanoptera 74

3.2.27 Trichoptera 74

3.2.28 Zoraptera 74

3.3 Insect Biodiversity and Society in Indochina 74

3.3.1 Entomophagy in the Lower Mekong Subregion 74

3.3.2 Research Initiatives 76

3.4 Conclusions 77

Acknowledgments 78

References 78

**4 Biodiversity of Arthropods on Islands 81
**Rosemary G. Gillespie and Kipling Will

4.1 What is an Island? 81

4.1.1 History of the Island 82

4.1.2 Degree of Isolation 84

4.1.3 Area of the Island 84

4.1.4 Age of the Island 85

4.2 Ecological Attributes of Islands 85

4.2.1 Species Diversity on Islands 85

4.2.2 Island Colonization 86

4.2.3 Factors Facilitating Establishment 86 4.2.4 Nich...