Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Biodegradable Polymers

Polymers are one of the most fascinating materials of the present era finding their applications in almost every aspects of life. Polymers are either directly available in nature or are chemically synthesized and used depending upon the targeted applications.Advances in polymer science and the introduction of new polymers have resulted in the significant development of polymers with unique properties. Different kinds of polymers have been and will be one of the key in several applications in many of the advanced pharmaceutical research being carried out over the globe. This 4-partset of books contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing different kinds of polymers with basic fundamentals and practicality for application in diverse pharmaceutical technologies. The volumes aim at explaining basics of polymers based materials from different resources and their chemistry along with practical applications which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. Each volume offer deep insight into the subject being treated. Volume 1: Structure and ChemistryVolume 2: Processing and ApplicationsVolume 3: Biodegradable PolymersVolume 4: Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic/Hybrid Polymers

Autorentext

Vijay Kumar Thakur (Ph.D.) is a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, U.S.A. He has published more than 100 research articles, patents and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science and has published ten books and 25 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/ materials science. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of polymers (natural/ synthetic), nano materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials.

Manju Kumari Thakur works in the Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Simla, India.

Inhalt

Preface xix

**1 Bioactive Polysaccharides of Vegetable and Microbial Origins: An Overview 1
Giuseppina Tommonaro, Annarita Poli, Paola Di Donato, Roberto Abbamondi Gennaro, Ilaria Finore and Barbara Nicolaus

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Anticarcinogenic Polysaccharides 3

1.3 Anti-inflammatory/Immunostimulating Polysaccharides 8

1.4 Antiviral Polysaccharides 13

1.5 Antioxidant Polysaccharides 17

1.6 Other Biotechnological Applications 21

1.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 23

Acknowledgments 23

Reference 24

**2 Chitosan: An Emanating Polymeric Carrier for Drug Delivery 33
Priti Girotra and Shailendra Kumar Singh

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Preparation of Chitosan 34

2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan 35

2.4 Biological Activities of Chitosan 36

2.5 Pharmaceutical Applications of Chitosan 39

2.6 Functionalization of Chitosan 49

2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 49

Reference 51

**3 Fungi as Sources of Polysaccharides for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications 61
Filomena Freitas, Christophe Roca and Maria A. M. Reis

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 The Fungal Cell 62

3.3 Polysaccharides Produced by Fungi 69

3.4 Production and Extraction of Polysaccharides from Fungi 77

3.5 Fungal Polysaccharides in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 81

3.6 Commercial Exploitation of Fungal Polysaccharides in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 89

3.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 91

Reference 91

**4 Environmentally Responsive Chitosan-based Nanocarriers (CBNs) 105
Ankit Jain and Sanjay K. Jain

4.1 Introduction 105

4.2 Graft Copolymerized CBNs 107

4.3 pH-Sensitive CBNs 109

4.4 Thermosensitive CBNs 111

4.5 pH-Sensitive and Thermosensitive CBNs 112

4.6 pH- and Ionic-Sensitive CBNs 113

4.7 Photosensitive CBNs 114

4.8 Electrical-Sensitive CBNs 115

4.9 Magneto-Responsive CBNs 115

4.10 Chemo-Sensitive CBNs 115

4.11 Biodegradation of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 116

4.12 Toxicity of CBNs 120

4.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 120

References 120

**5 Biomass Derived and Biomass Inspired Polymers in Pharmaceutical Applications 127
Elisavet D. Bartzoka, Claudia Crestini and Heiko Lange

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Biodegradable Polymers in Biomedical Applications Relevant Aspects 129

5.3 Biodegradable Natural Polymers in Pharmaceutical Applications 133

5.4 Micro- and Nanocrystalline Natural Polymers and Fibrils General Regulative Considerations 175

5.5 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 176

Reference 177

**6 Modification of Cyclodextrin for Improvement of Complexation and Formulation Properties 205
Tapan K. Dash and V. Badireenath Konkimalla

Abbreviations 205

6.1 Introduction 206

6.2 Cyclodextrin and Its Degradation 206

6.3 Complexation by CDs and Release 207

6.4 Modifications and Scope with Respect to Pharmaceutical Application 208

6.5 Concluding Remarks 218

Acknowledgements 218

Reference 218

7 Cellulose-, Ethylene Oxide- and Acrylic-Based Polymers in Assembled Module Technology (Dome Matrix®) 225
Camillo Benetti, Paolo Colombo and Tin Wui Wong

7.1 Dome MatrixR Technology 225

7.2 Polymers for Controlled Drug Release 228

7.3 Cellulose Derivatives 230

7.4 Acrylic Acid Polymers 232

7.5 Polymethacrylates 234

7.6 Polyethylene Oxide 236

7.7 Conclusions 237

Acknowledgments 237

Reference 237 **8 Structured Biodegradable Polymers for...