Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates

Invertebrates perform such vital roles in global ecosystems and so strongly influence human wellbeing that biologist E.O. Wilson was prompted to describe them as little things that run the world. As they are such powerful shapers of the world around us, their response to global climate change is also pivotal in meeting myriad challenges looming on the horizon everything from food security and biodiversity to human disease control. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific knowledge and contemporary theory relating to global climate change and terrestrial invertebrates. Featuring contributions from top international experts, this book explores how changes to invertebrate populations will affect human decision making processes across a number of crucial issues, including agriculture, disease control, conservation planning, and resource allocation. Topics covered include methodologies and approaches to predict invertebrate responses, outcomes for disease vectors and ecosystem service providers, underlying mechanisms for community level responses to global climate change, evolutionary consequences and likely effects on interactions among organisms, and many more. Timely and thought-provoking, Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates offers illuminating insights into the profound influence the simplest of organisms may have on the very future of our fragile world.

Autorentext

Scott N. Johnson is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment (HIE) at Western Sydney University.

T. Hefin Jones is Senior Lecturer in Ecology at the School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, and an Editor of the journals Global Change Biology and Agricultural and Forest Entomology.

Zusammenfassung

Invertebrates perform such vital roles in global ecosystemsand so strongly influence human wellbeingthat biologist E.O. Wilson was prompted to describe them as little things that run the world. As they are such powerful shapers of the world around us, their response to global climate change is also pivotal in meeting myriad challenges looming on the horizoneverything from food security and biodiversity to human disease control.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific knowledge and contemporary theory relating to global climate change and terrestrial invertebrates. Featuring contributions from top international experts, this book explores how changes to invertebrate populations will affect human decision making processes across a number of crucial issues, including agriculture, disease control, conservation planning, and resource allocation. Topics covered include methodologies and approaches to predict invertebrate responses, outcomes for disease vectors and ecosystem service providers, underlying mechanisms for community level responses to global climate change, evolutionary consequences and likely effects on interactions among organisms, and many more. Timely and thought-provoking, Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates offers illuminating insights into the profound influence the simplest of organisms may have on the very future of our fragile world.

Inhalt

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

**1 Introduction to Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates 1
Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Predictions for Climate and Atmospheric Change 2

1.3 General Mechanisms for Climate Change Impacts on Invertebrates 2

1.3.1 Direct Impacts on Physiology, Performance and Behaviour 3

1.3.2 Indirect Impacts on Habitats, Resources and Interacting Organisms 3

1.4 Themes of the Book 4

1.4.1 Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Global Climate Change 4

1.4.2 Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 4

1.4.3 Multi-Trophic Interactions and Invertebrate Communities 5

1.4.4 Evolution, Intervention and Emerging Perspectives 6

Acknowledgements 7

References 7

Part I Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Climate Change 9

**2 Using Historical Data for Studying Range Changes 11
Georgina Palmer and Jane K. Hill

Summary 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Review of Historical Data Sets on Species' Distributions 13

2.3 Methods for Using Historical Data to Estimate Species' Range Changes 15

2.3.1 Measuring Changes in Distribution Size 16

2.3.2 Measuring Change in the Location of Species Ranges 16

2.3.3 An Invertebrate Example: Quantifying Range Shift by the Comma Butterfly Polygonia c-album in Britain 17

2.4 Challenges and Biases in Historical Data 19

2.4.1 Taxonomic Bias 19

2.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Biases 20

2.4.3 Accounting for Temporal and Spatial Biases 21

2.5 New Ways of Analysing Data and Future Perspectives 23

Acknowledgements 24

References 24

**3 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Invertebrate Responses to Global Change Factors 30
Richard L. Lindroth and Kenneth F. Raffa

Summary 30

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Experimental Scale: Reductionist, Holistic and Integrated Approaches 32

3.3 Experimental Design: Statistical Concerns 33

3.4 Experimental Endpoints: Match Metrics to Systems 35

3.5 Experimental Systems: Manipulations From Bottle to Field 36

3.5.1 Indoor Closed Systems 36

3.5.2 Outdoor Closed Systems 38

3.5.3 Outdoor Open Systems 39

3.6 Team Science: the Human Dimension 40

3.6.1 Personnel 41

3.6.2 Guiding Principles 41

3.6.3 Operation and Communication 41

3.7 Conclusions 41

Acknowledgements 42

References 42

**4 Transplant Experiments a Powerful Method to Study Climate Change Impacts 46
Sabine S. Nooten and Nigel R. Andrew

Summary 46

4.1 Global Climate Change 46

4.2 Climate Change Impacts on Species 47

4.3 Climate Change Impacts on Communities 48

4.4 Common Approaches to Study Climate Change Impacts 48

4.5 Transplant Experiments a Powerful Tool to Study Climate Change 49

4.5.1 Can Species Adapt to a Warmer Climate? 50

4.5.2 The Potential of Range Shifts 50

4.5.3 Changes in the Timing of Events 51

4.5.4 Shifts in Species Interactions 52

4.5.5 Disentangling Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses 54

4.5.6 Shifts in Communities 54

4.6 Transplant Experiment Trends Using Network Analysis 57

4.7 What's Missing in Our Current Approaches? Next Steps for Implementing Transplant

Experiments 60

Acknowledgements 62

References 62

Part II Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 69

**5 Insect Pollinators and Climate Change 71
Jessica R. K. Forrest

Summary 71

5.1 Introduction 71

5.2 The Pattern: Pollinator Populations and Climate Change 72

5.2.1 Phenology 72

5.2.2 Range Shifts 75 &...