Fish Processing

This book seeks to address the challenges facing the international
seafood industry via a two pronged approach: by offering the latest
information on established technologies and introducing new ideas
and technologies. An introductory chapter sets the tone for the
book by presenting the background against which fish processing
will exist in the near future. Chapter two looks at the
environmental and sustainability issues relating to conventional
fish processing, including processing efficiency and better use of
the outputs currently considered wastes. The impact of
mechanisation and computerisation on environmental sustainability
is also addressed. Subsequent chapters examine the latest
developments in established fish processing technologies such as
canning, curing, freezing and chilling, with an emphasis on the
environmental aspects of packaging and the process itself. In
addition, quality and processing parameters for specific species,
including new species, are described.

The second part of the book gives authors the opportunity to
introduce the potential technologies and applications of the future
to a wider audience. These include fermented products and their
acceptance by a wider audience; the utilisation of fish processing
by-products as aquaculture feeds; and the use of by-products for
bioactive compounds in biomedical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and
other applications.

Autorentext

About the Editor

Dr George M. Hall, Research Fellow, Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK

Zusammenfassung
This book seeks to address the challenges facing the international seafood industry via a two pronged approach: by offering the latest information on established technologies and introducing new ideas and technologies. An introductory chapter sets the tone for the book by presenting the background against which fish processing will exist in the near future. Chapter two looks at the environmental and sustainability issues relating to conventional fish processing, including processing efficiency and better use of the outputs currently considered wastes. The impact of mechanisation and computerisation on environmental sustainability is also addressed. Subsequent chapters examine the latest developments in established fish processing technologies such as canning, curing, freezing and chilling, with an emphasis on the environmental aspects of packaging and the process itself. In addition, quality and processing parameters for specific species, including new species, are described. The second part of the book gives authors the opportunity to introduce the potential technologies and applications of the future to a wider audience. These include fermented products and their acceptance by a wider audience; the utilisation of fish processing by-products as aquaculture feeds; and the use of by-products for bioactive compounds in biomedical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and other applications.

Inhalt

Preface xi

Contributors xii

**1 Introduction: Challenges to the Fish-Processing Industry in a Resource-Starved World 1
**George M. Hall

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Defining sustainability 1

1.1.2 Sustainable development concepts for FPI 4

1.2 Sustainability tools 8

1.2.1 Carbon footprinting 9

1.2.2 Carbon labelling 9

1.2.3 Life cycle assessment 10

1.2.4 The supply chain 14

1.3 Climate change 15

1.4 The capture fishery 17

1.4.1 Current production levels 17

1.4.2 Future trends and fisheries management 17

1.5 Contribution of aquaculture 19

1.5.1 Current production levels 19

1.5.2 Future trends 19

1.5.3 Barriers to increased production 20

1.6 Industrial fish production 21

1.6.1 Current levels 21

1.6.2 Future trends 22

1.6.3 Redefining 'industrial species' 22

1.7 Implications for the processing industry 22

1.7.1 Efficiency in processing 22

1.7.2 Food security and trade 23

1.7.3 Introducing new food species 24

1.7.4 Post-harvest losses 25

1.7.5 Environmental impact of fish processing 26

1.8 Conclusion: sustainability in the fish-processing industry 27

References 28

**2 Canning Fish and Fish Products 30
**George M. Hall

2.1 Principles of canning 30

2.1.1 Thermal destruction of fish-borne bacteria 30

2.1.2 Quality criteria for thermally processed fish 34

2.2 Packaging materials 34

2.2.1 Glass jars 35

2.2.2 Rigid metal containers 35

2.2.3 Rigid plastic containers 37

2.2.4 Flexible containers (pouches) 37

2.2.5 Environmental issues related to packaging materials 37

2.3 Processing operations 39

2.3.1 Pre-processing operations 40

2.3.2 Heat-processing operations 44

2.3.3 Post-processing operations 46

2.3.4 Environmental issues and process optimization 46

2.4 Canning of specific species 47

2.4.1 Small pelagics 48

2.4.2 Tuna and mackerel 48

2.4.3 Crustacea 48

2.5 Conclusions 48

References 49

**3 Preservation by Curing (Drying, Salting and Smoking) 51
**George M. Hall

3.1 Basic relationships 51

3.1.1 Water activity and spoilage 51

3.1.2 Product quality 53

3.2 Drying 53

3.2.1 Air- or contact drying 53

3.2.2 Improving the efficiency of drying 55

3.3 Salting 55

3.3.1 Wet and dry salting 55

3.3.2 Quality aspects 56

3.4 Smoking 57

3.4.1 The preservative effect 57

3.4.2 Quality aspects 57

3.4.3 Smoking systems and equipment 58

3.4.4 Traditional systems 59

3.4.5 Fuel wood for traditional fish smoking 62

3.5 Post-harvest losses in fish smoking 65

3.5.1 Sustainable livelihoods approach 67

3.5.2 Assessing post-harvest fisheries losses 70

3.6 Sustainability issues 74

References 75

**4 Freezing and Chilling of Fish and Fish Products 77
**George M. Hall

4.1 Introduction 77

4.1.1 Freezing time calculations 77

4.1.2 Effect of freezing on micro-organisms and parasites 79

4.1.3 Physico-chemical effects during freezing 79

4.1.4 Temperature modelling in fish transportation 81

4.2 Freezing systems 82

4.2.1 The refrigeration cycle 82

4.2.2 Classification of freezers 83

4.2.3 Air-blast freezers 84

4.2.4 Immersion freezers 86

4.2.5 Plate freezers 86

4.2.6 Cryogenic freezers 86

4.3 Environmental impact of freezing operations 87

4.3.1 Energy efficiency of freezing systems 87

4.3.2 Cold storage systems 88 <p&g...