From Physics to Daily Life

Beatrice Bressan brings together a number of outstanding examples of successful cross-disciplinary technology transfer originating in fundamental physics research, which dramatically impacted scientific progress in areas which changed modern society. Many of them were developed at CERN, a hotbed of fundamental inventions in particle physics. This book deals with breakthrough developments being applied in the world of IT, consumer electronics, aviation, and material sciences. Additional sections of the book deal with knowledge management and technology transfer including their economic aspects. While each chapter has been drafted by an expert in the field, the editor has carefully edited the whole to ensure a coherent overall structure. A must-have for policy makers, technology companies, investors, strategic planners in research and technology, as well as attractive reading for the research community.

Autorentext
Beatrice Bressan is a science and technology writer and an expert consultant for companies and associations. After a degree in Mathematical Physics (La Sapienza University, Rome) and a Master in Science Communication (ISAS, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste), Italy, she obtained a PhD and carried out a postdoctoral study in Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer for the Department of Physical Sciences of Helsinki University, Finland, within the research programmes of CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. She has worked as Technology Transfer Promotion Officer at CERN and as Scientific Journalist for EMI, the European Middleware Initiative at INFN (the Italian
National Institute of Nuclear Physics) and for ENEL (the Italian National Electricity Entity). Her managerial positions include: Responsible for the TOTEM experiment Outreach (CERN); Head of Communications (SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics); Communications Manager (Physics Department, Geneva University); Communications Director (MaatG Cloud Computing Company), Switzerland, and Chief Business Development Officer (gnubila Software Development Company), France. She is member of EUSJA (European Union of Science Journalists? Associations) and has extensive experience in project management, business development, media publishing, public relations, mediation and negotiation. She is author and editor in a wide range of subject areas, among her publications: A History of International Research Networking (Wiley, 2010), Knowledge Management in an International Research Centre (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011).

Inhalt

Contributors' CVs XIII

Foreword XXI

List of Acronyms XXIII

List of Units XXXI

**1 Introduction 1
**Sergio Bertolucci

Part I Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer in an Organization 3

2 Knowledge Management: From Theory to Practice 5
Beatrice Bressan and Daan Boom

2.1 Knowledge-Based and Innovative Organization 5

2.2 The Theory of Knowledge 7

2.2.1 Tacit and Explicit Knowledge 8

2.2.2 The SECI Model and the Knowledge Creation Spiral 9

2.2.3 The Two Dimensions and the Two Spirals of Knowledge Creation 11

2.2.4 The Five Conditions and the Five Phases in Two Dimensions 13

2.3 The Core Processes of Managing Knowledge 18

2.3.1 Knowledge Outputs and Outcomes 19

2.4 The Knowledge Worker 31

2.4.1 The Individual Learning Process 33

2.4.2 Scientific, Technological and Social Processes 36

2.4.3 Concept Formation and the Hierarchical Levels of Conceptualization 37

2.5 The Knowledge Creation, Acquisition, and Transfer Model 39

2.6 Knowledge Management: A Case Study of CERN 41

2.6.1 The LHC Case Study Survey 47

Part II Examples of Knowledge and Technology Transfer 57

Section 1 Linking Information 59

**3 WWW and More 61
**Robert Cailliau

3.1 The First Page 62

3.2 Influences on the History of the Web 64

3.2.1 A Matter of Age 64

3.2.2 The Approach 64

3.3 CERN's Role 65

3.3.1 A Possible Definition 65

3.3.2 Making it Work 66

3.3.3 On Documents 66

3.3.4 The Director General 66

3.3.5 Al Gore, the LHC, and the Rest is History 67

3.4 What-if Musings 68

3.4.1 Money, Money, Money . . . 68

3.4.2 And if Not? 69

3.5 The Dark Sides of the Force 70

3.5.1 Techies 70

3.5.2 Global Heating 72

3.5.3 Sin by Omission 72

3.6 Good Stuff 73

3.6.1 Public Domain 73

3.6.2 The Conferences 74

3.6.3 The Consortium 75

3.7 On the Nature of Computing 76

3.7.1 Copy 76

3.7.2 See 77

3.7.3 Understand 77

3.7.4 Remember 77

3.7.5 Interact 78

3.7.6 Share 78

3.7.7 Think 78

3.8 Science 'Un-human' 79

3.9 Lessons to be Learned 80

3.10 Conclusions 80

**4 Grid and Cloud 81
**Bob Jones

4.1 Why a Grid? 82

4.2 A Production Infrastructure 85

4.3 Transferring Technology: Grids in Other Science Domains 86

4.4 How CERN Openlab has Contributed to the WLCG Grid 86

4.5 Four Basic Principles 87

4.6 Three-Year Phases 88

4.7 EGEE to EGI Transition 90

4.8 Lessons Learned and Anticipated Evolution 91

4.9 Transferring Technology: Grids in Business 92

4.10 Sharing Resources Through Grids 94

4.11 What are the Hurdles? 94

4.12 Philips Research: Scientific Simulation, Modelling and Data Mining Supports Healthcare 95

4.13 Finance: Stock Analysis Application 95

4.14 Multimedia: GridVideo 96

4.15 Imense: From Laboratory to Market 97

4.16 Total, UK 97

4.17 Seismic Imaging and Reservoir Simulation: CGG Veritas Reaping Benefits from the Grid 98

4.18 Societal Impact 99

**5 The 'Touch Screen' Revolution 103
**Bent Stumpe

5.1 The Birth of a Touch Screen 103

5.2 The Novelty for the Control Room of the CERN SPS Accelerator 106

5.3 A Touch Screen as Replacement for Mechanical Buttons 110

5.4 Attempts at Early Knowledge Transfer 111

5.5 Evolution Turned Into Revolution 113

5.6 Touch Screen and Human Behaviour 115

Section 2 Developing Future 117 &l...