DNA in Supramolecular Chemistry and Nanotechnology

This book covers the emerging topic of DNA nanotechnology and DNA supramolecular chemistry in its broader sense. By taking DNA out of its biological role, this biomolecule has become a very versatile building block in materials chemistry, supramolecular chemistry and bio-nanotechnology. Many novel structures have been realized in the past decade, which are now being used to create molecular machines, drug delivery systems, diagnosis platforms or potential electronic devices. The book combines many aspects of DNA nanotechnology, including formation of functional structures based on covalent and non-covalent systems, DNA origami, DNA based switches, DNA machines, and alternative structures and templates. This broad coverage is very appealing since it combines both the synthesis of modified DNA as well as designer concepts to successfully plan and make DNA nanostructures. Contributing authors have provided first a general introduction for the non-specialist reader, followed by a more in-depth analysis and presentation of their topic. In this way the book is attractive and useful for both the non-specialist who would like to have an overview of the topic, as well as the specialist reader who requires more information and inspiration to foster their own research.

Autorentext
EUGEN STULZ
School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, UK

GUIDO H. CLEVER
Department for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University, Germany

Klappentext

DNA-based nanotechnology has advanced tremendously in the past 30 years to become a key player in many different fields of science and research. Nucleotides, no longer merely building blocks of life, can be used like Lego bricks to create new functional entities. These DNA nanostructures play a major role in soft materials, electronics, diagnostics and medicinal chemistry.

This book presents a unique collection of accounts of the current research and technology on modified nucleotides and functional DNA systems derived thereof, with contributions from the world's leading experts. Each article describes the basic research, as well as outlining novel applications and future directions of the field. The contents include:

• (Non-)covalently modified DNA with novel functions

• DNA wires and electron transport through DNA

• Oligonucleotides in sensing and diagnostic applications

• Conjugation of DNA with biomolecules and nanoparticles

• Alternative DNA structures, switches and nanomachines

With new results being published on a daily basis, DNA nanotechnology continues to influence materials, medicinal and biological sciences, driven by demands for applications. Intended for both newcomers and experienced researchers in DNA nanotechnology, this book is an indispensable resource in the lab as well as in the teaching class.

Inhalt
List of Contributors xv Preface xix

Part I (Non-) Covalently Modified DNA with Novel Functions 1

1.1 DNA-Based Construction of Molecular Photonic Devices 3

1.1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.2 Using DNA as a template to construct discrete optoelectronic nanostructures 5

1.1.3 Assembly of photonic arrays based on the molecular recognition of single-stranded DNA templates 7

1.1.4 Assembly of photonic arrays based on the molecular recognition of double-stranded DNA templates 10

1.1.5 Towards the construction of photonic devices 13

1.1.6 Outlook 13

References 15

1.2 -Conjugated DNA Binders: Optoelectronics, Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics 22

1.2.1 -Conjugated compounds 22

1.2.2 DNA binders for different applications 23

1.2.3 Targeting duplex DNA 27

1.2.4 Examples of -conjugated compounds interacting with hybrid duplexes and higher order nucleic acid structures 32

1.2.5 Conclusions 33

References 34

1.3 Metal Ion- and Perylene Diimide-Mediated DNA Architectures 38

1.3.1 Introduction 38

1.3.2 Metal ion complexes as DNA modifications: hydroquinoline and terpyridine 39

1.3.3 Perylene diimide-based DNA architectures 42

1.3.4 Conclusions 49

References 49

1.4 DNA with Metal-Mediated Base Pairs 52

1.4.1 Introduction 52

1.4.2 Metal-mediated base pairs with natural nucleobases 53

1.4.3 Metal-mediated base pairs with artificial nucleobases 54

1.4.4 Outlook 61

References 61

1.5 Metal-Aided Construction of Unusual DNA Structural Motifs 65

1.5.1 Introduction 65

1.5.2 DNA duplexes containing metal-mediated base pairs 66

1.5.3 Metal-aided formation of triple-stranded structures 69

1.5.4 Metal-aided formation of four-stranded structures 71

1.5.5 Metal-aided formation of DNA junction structures 73

1.5.6 Summary and outlook 75

References 75

Part II DNA Wires and Electron Transport Through DNA 79

2.1 Gating Electrical Transport Through DNA 81

2.1.1 Introduction 81

2.1.2 DNA structure 82

2.1.3 Direct electrical measurements of DNA 82

2.1.4 Gate modulation of current flow in DNA 84

2.1.5 DNA transistors 86

2.1.6 Summary and outlook 92

References 92

2.2 Electrical Conductance of DNA Oligomers A Review of Experimental Results 94

2.2.1 Introduction 94

2.2.2 DNA structures 95

2.2.3 Scanning probe microscopy 95

2.2.4 Lithographically defined junctions 98

2.2.5 Conclusions 101

References 102

2.3 DNA Sensors Using DNA Charge Transport Chemistry 105

2.3.1 Introduction 105

2.3.2 DNA-functionalized electrochemical sensors 107

2.3.3 Detection of DNA-binding proteins 111

2.3.4 DNA CT within the cell 115

2.3.5 Conclusions 117

Acknowledgements 117

References 117

2.4 Charge Transfer in Non-B DNA with a Tetraplex Structure 121

2.4.1 Introduction 121

2.4.2 CT in dsDNA (B-DNA) 122

2.4.3 CT in non-B DNA with a tetraplex structure 123

2.4.4 Conclusions 132

Acknowledgments 132

References 132

Part III Oligonucleotides in Sensing and Diagnostic Applications 137

3.1 Development of Electrochemical Sensors for DNA Analysis 139

3.1.1 Introduction 139

3.1.2 Genosensors based on direct electrocactivity of nucleic bases 140

3.1.3 Genosensors based on electrochemical mediators 141

3.1.4 Genosensors based on free diffusional redox markers 142

3.1.5 Genosensors incorporating DNA probes modified with redox active molecules 'signal-off' and 'signal-on' working modes 145

3.1.6 Genosensors for simultaneous detection of two different DNA targets 151

3.1.7 Conclusions 154

Acknowledgements 154

References 154 3.2 Oligonucleotide B...