Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers

Einführung in die Festkörperphysik für Studenten der Werkstofftechnik, Materialwissenschaften und verwandter technischer Fachrichtungen. Dieses zugängliche Lehrbuch ist ausreichend detailliert, ohne dabei zu theorielastig zu sein, und stellt die Verbindung zu heutigen Technologien her.

Autorentext

*Emil Zolotoyabko is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology. He was awarded the 2001 Henry Taub Prize for Academic Excellence and held the Abraham Tulin Academic Chair. Emil Zolotoyabko has authored more than 200 scientific publications, four books, and four chapters in books devoted to the development of new X-ray diffraction methods and their applications for studying the structure and dynamical characteristics of different materials systems.*

Zusammenfassung

A concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to solid state physics

Solid state physics is the foundation of many of today's technologies including LEDs, MOSFET transistors, solar cells, lasers, digital cameras, data storage and processing. Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers offers a guide to basic concepts and provides an accessible framework for understanding this highly application-relevant branch of science for materials engineers. The text links the fundamentals of solid state physics to modern materials, such as graphene, photonic and metamaterials, superconducting magnets, high-temperature superconductors and topological insulators. Written by a noted expert and experienced instructor, the book contains numerous worked examples throughout to help the reader gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and information presented.

The text covers a wide range of relevant topics, including propagation of electron and acoustic waves in crystals, electrical conductivity in metals and semiconductors, light interaction with metals, semiconductors and dielectrics, thermoelectricity, cooperative phenomena in electron systems, ferroelectricity as a cooperative phenomenon, and more. This important book:

• Provides a big picture view of solid state physics
• Contains examples of basic concepts and applications
• Offers a highly accessible text that fosters real understanding
• Presents a wealth of helpful worked examples
  Written for students of materials science, engineering, chemistry and physics, Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers is an important guide to help foster an understanding of solid state physics.

Inhalt

Contents

Preface xi

Introduction xiii

1 General Impact of Translational Symmetry in Crystals on Solid State Physics 1

1.1 Crystal Symmetry in Real Space 3

1.2 Symmetry and Physical Properties in Crystals 9

1.3 Wave Propagation in Periodic Media and Construction of Reciprocal Lattice 13

1.A Symmetry Constraints on Rotation Axes 18

1.B Twinning in Crystals 20

2 Electron Waves in Crystals 23

2.1 Electron Behavior in a Periodic Potential and Energy Gap Formation 23

2.2 The Brillouin Zone 28

2.3 Band Structure 31

2.4 Graphene 35

2.5 Fermi Surface 40

2.A Cyclotron Resonance and Related Phenomena 43

3 Elastic Wave Propagation in Periodic Media, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Crystals 51

3.1 Linear Chain of the Periodically Positioned Atoms 51

3.2 Phonons and Heat Capacity 56

3.3 Thermal Vibrations of Atoms in Crystals 59

3.4 Crystal Melting 60

3.5 X-ray and Neutron Interaction with Phonons 61

3.5.1 DebyeWaller Factor 65

3.6 Lattice Anharmonicity 67

3.7 Velocities of Bulk Acoustic Waves 69

3.8 Surface Acoustic Waves 72

3.A Bose's Derivation of the Planck Distribution Function 73

4 Electrical Conductivity in Metals 75

4.1 Classical Drude Theory 76

4.2 QuantumMechanical Approach 77

4.3 Phonon Contribution to Electrical Resistivity 80

4.4 Defects' Contributions to Metal Resistivity 82

4.A Derivation of the Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function 84

5 Electron Contribution to Thermal Properties of Crystals 87

5.1 Electronic Specific Heat 87

5.2 Electronic Heat Conductivity and the WiedemannFranz Law 92

5.3 Thermoelectric Phenomena 94

5.4 Thermoelectric Materials 98

6 Electrical Conductivity in Semiconductors 105

6.1 Intrinsic (Undoped) Semiconductors 105

6.2 Extrinsic (Doped) Semiconductors 110

6.3 pn Junction 111

6.4 Semiconductor Transistors 117

6.A Estimation of Exciton's Radius and Binding Energy 120

7 Work Function and Related Phenomena 123

7.1 Work Function of Metals 123

7.2 Photoelectric Effect 126

7.2.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (APRES) 126

7.3 Thermionic Emission 128

7.4 Metal-Semiconductor Junction 131

7.A Image Charge Method 133

7.B A Free Electron Cannot Absorb a Photon 134

8 Light Interaction with Metals and Dielectrics 135

8.1 Skin Effect in Metals 137

8.2 Light Reflection from a Metal 138

8.3 Plasma Frequency 140

8.4 Introduction to Metamaterials 141

8.5 Structural Colors 148

8.A Acoustic Metamaterials 150

9 Light Interaction with Semiconductors 155

9.1 Solar Cells 155

9.1.1 The Grätzel Cell 159

9.1.2 Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 161

9.2 Solid State Radiation Detectors 162

9.2.1 Infrared Detectors 164

9.3 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 167

9.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 168

9.5 Semiconductor Lasers 170

9.6 Photonic Materials 173

10 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Superconductivity 177

10.1 Phonon-Mediated Cooper Pairing Mechanism 178

10.2 Direct Measurements of the Superconductor Energy Gap 182

10.3 Josephson Effect 184

10.4 Meissner Effect 185

10.5 SQUID 188

10.6 High-Temperature Superconductivity 189

10.A Fourier Transform of the Coulomb Potential 192

10.B The Josephson Effect Theory 193

10.C Derivation of the Critical Magnetic Field in Type I Superconductors 195

11 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Ferromagnetism 197

11.1 Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 198

11.2 The Ising Model 204

11.3 Magnetic Structures 205

11.4 Magnetic Domains 207

11.5 Magnetic Materials 210 11...