Emerging Technologies for Health and Medicine

Showcases the latest trends in new virtual/augmented reality healthcare and medical applications and provides an overview of the economic, psychological, educational and organizational impacts of these new applications and how we work, teach, learn and provide care.

With the current advances in technology innovation, the field of medicine and healthcare is rapidly expanding and, as a result, many different areas of human health diagnostics, treatment and care are emerging. Wireless technology is getting faster and 5G mobile technology allows the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to greatly improve patient care and more effectively prevent illness from developing.

This book provides an overview and review of the current and anticipated changes in medicine and healthcare due to new technologies and faster communication between users and devices.

The groundbreaking book presents state-of-the-art chapters on many subjects including:

• A review of the implications of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) healthcare applications

• A review of current augmenting dental care

• An overview of typical human-computer interaction (HCI) that can help inform the development of user interface designs and novel ways to evaluate human behavior to responses in VR and other new technologies

• A review of telemedicine technologies

• Building empathy in young children using augmented reality

• AI technologies for mobile health of stroke monitoring & rehabilitation robotics control

• Mobile doctor brain AI App

• An artificial intelligence mobile cloud computing tool

• Development of a robotic teaching aid for disabled children

• Training system design of lower limb rehabilitation robot based on virtual reality

Autorentext

Dac-Nhuong Le obtained his PhD in computer science from Vietnam National University, Vietnam in 2015. He is Deputy-Head of Faculty of Information Technology, Haiphong University, Vietnam. His area of research includes: evaluation computing and approximate algorithms, network communication, security and vulnerability, network performance analysis and simulation, cloud computing, IoT and image processing in biomedicine. He has authored 4 computer science books and has multiple research articles in international journals. Chung Van Le is the Vice-Director at the Centre of Visualization and Simulation and Lead Software Developer for 3D virtual body system for teaching anatomy and virtual endoscopic techniques for medical students at Duy Tan University in Vietnam. Jolanda G. Tromp is a VR/AR/AI/IoT Human-Computer Interaction expert for user-centered design and evaluation for new technologies, with 20 years' experience as a principal Usability Investigator. She has a PhD in Systematic Usability Design and Evaluation for Collaborative Virtual Environments, 2001, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom and a BSc in Psychology (with honors) from the University of Amsterdam, Holland. She is a research consultant for the Center of Visualization and Simulation and the Duy Tan University, Vietnam; for the Mixed Reality Task Group of the State University of New York; and for the Global Simulations Working Group. Nguyen Gia Nhu, received his PhD degree in computer science from Ha Noi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Vietnam. He is now the Vice Dean of Graduate School at Duy Tan University. He has more than 40 publications in reputed international conferences, journals and book chapter contributions. His research interests include algorithm theory, network optimization and wireless security.

Inhalt
List of Figures xiii

List of Tables xix

Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxix

Acronyms xxxi

Part I Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality Technologies and Applications for Health and Medicine

**1 Reviews of the Implications of VR/AR Health Care Applications 3
**Muhammad Sharif, Ghulam Jillani Ansari, Mussarat Yasmin, Steven Lawrence Fernandes

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 5

1.2.1 Virtual Realty 5

1.2.2 Augmented Reality or Mixed Reality 6

1.2.3 Line of Difference between VR/AR 6

1.2.4 Formats and Design Elements of VR/AR Technology 7

1.2.5 Presence, Reality and Realism 8

1.3 Features of VR/AR Technology in Health Care 9

1.3.1 Implications of VR/AR Technology in Health Care Services and Applications 9

1.3.2 Health Care Services 9

1.3.3 Health Care Applications 11

1.4 Future Assessments in VR/AR Technology 14

1.5 Key Challenges for Adopting VR/AR Technology 14

1.6 Conclusion 15

References 15

**2 Using 3D Simulation in Medical Education: A Comparative Test of Teaching Anatomy using VR 21
**Chung Van Le, J.G. Tromp, Vikram Puri

2.1 Introduction 22

2.2 Literature Review of Training with Medical VR 23

2.3 Methodology of this Study 24

2.4 Results 26

2.5 Discussion 29

References 30

**3 Building Empathy in Young Children using Augmented Reality: A Case Study in Malaysia 35
**N.Zamin, F.A.Khairuddin, D.R.A.Rambli, E.N.M.Ibrahim, M.S.A.Soobni

3.1 Introduction 36

3.2 Motivations 36

3.3 Literature Review 36

3.4 Proposed Approach 38

3.5 Results and Discussions 38

3.6 Conclusions 41

References 41

**4 Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Mock Interview Training 43
**J. Garcia, J. Tromp, H. Seaton

4.1 Introduction 44

4.2 Virtual Reality Training Literature Review 44

4.3 Methodology 45

4.3.1 Participants 45

4.3.2 Materials 46

4.3.3 Procedure 47

4.4 Results 47

4.5 Disscussion 48

4.6 Conclusions 49

References 50

**5 Augmenting Dental Care: A Current Perspective 51
**Anand Nayyar, Gia Nhu Nguyen

5.1 Introduction 52

5.1.1 Origin of Augmented Reality 52

5.1.2 History of Augmented Reality 53

5.2 Augmented Reality Technology in Medical Technology 53

5.3 Existing Technologies in Medical/Healthcare Technology 55

5.4 Augmenting Dental Care-AR Technologies assisting Dentists for Dental Care 55

5.4.1 Augmented Reality Technologies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 56

5.4.2 Augmented Reality Technologies in Dental Implant Surgery 58

5.4.3 Augmented Reality Technologies in Orthognathic Surgery 59

5.4.4 Augmented Reality Apps in Dental Applications 61

5.5 Augmented Reality in Dental Education 61

5.6 Augmented Reality based Education Technologies for Dentistry 62

5.6.1 DentSim 62

5.6.2 The Virtual Dental Patient: System for Virtual Teeth Drilling 63

5.6.3 Mobile AR Systems for Dental Morphology Learning 64

5.6.4 Periosim 64

5.7 Conclusion 65

References 65

**6 Review of Virtual Reality Evaluation Methods and Psychophysiological Measurement Tools 69
**M.A. Munoz, J.G. Tromp, Cai Zhushun

6.1 Science Can Help Inform Virtual Reality Development 70

6.1.1 Objectives of Evaluations 71

6.1.2 Test Oft en and Test Early 73

6.1.3 Testing Options in the Early Pre-Prototype Phase 77

6.2 Virtual Reality Can Help Inform Psychology and Science 78

6.3 Types of Psychophysiological Measures and Tools 79 6.3.1 Electrodermal Activity 79&...