Electrochemical Engineering Across Scales

In Volume XV in the series "Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering" various leading experts from the field of electrochemical engineering share their insights into how different experimental and computational methods are used in transferring molecular-scale discoveries into processes and products. Throughout, the focus is on the engineering problem and method of solution, rather than on the specific application, such that scientists from different backgrounds will benefit from the flow of ideas between the various subdisciplines.

A must-read for anyone developing engineering tools for the next-generation design and control of electrochemical process technologies, including chemical, mechanical and electrical engineers, as well as chemists, physicists, biochemists and materials scientists.

Autorentext
Richard C. Alkire is Professor Emeritus of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Charles and Dorothy Prizer Chair at the University of Illinois, Urbana, USA. He obtained his degrees at Lafayette College and University of California at Berkeley. He has received numerous prizes, including Vittorio de Nora Award and Lifetime National Associate award from National Academy.

Philip N. Bartlett is Head of the Electrochemistry Section, Deputy Head of Chemistry for Strategy, and Associate Dean for Enterprise in the Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences at the University of Southampton. He received his PhD from Imperial College London and was a Lecturer at the University of Warwick and a Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Bath, before moving to his current position. His research interests include bioelectrochemistry, nanostructured materials, and chemical sensors.

Jacek Lipkowski is Professor at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Guelph, Canada. His research interests focus on surface analysis and interfacial electrochemistry. He has authored over 120 publications and is a member of several societies, including a Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry.

Inhalt

Series Preface XI

Preface XIII

List of Contributors XVII

1 The Role of Electrochemical Engineering in Our Energy Future 1
L. Louis Hegedus

References 5

2 The Path from Invention to Product for the Magnetic Thin Film Head 7
Lubomyr T. Romankiw and Sol Krongelb

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 The State of the Art in the 1960s 8

2.2.1 The Processor 10

2.2.2 Memory 10

2.2.3 Data Storage 11

2.2.4 Electroplating Technology 14

2.3 Finding the Right Path to Production 14

2.3.1 First Demonstrations of aThin Film Head 14

2.3.2 Interdisciplinary Design of a Functional Head 16

2.3.3 Early Tie-in to Manufacturing 18

2.3.4 The Integration of Many Inventions 21

2.4 Key Inventions forThin Film Head Production 22

2.4.1 Device Structures 24

2.4.2 The Plating Process 24

2.4.2.1 The Paddle Cell 25

2.4.2.2 The Electroplating Bath, Deposition Parameters, and Controls 29

2.4.3 Patterning 33

2.4.3.1 Through-mask Plating 33

2.4.3.2 Frame Plating 37

2.4.3.3 Ancillary Issues in Pattern Plating 41

2.4.4 Materials 44

2.4.4.1 Magnetic Materials Studies 44

2.4.4.2 Hard-Baked Resist as Insulation 45

2.5 Concluding Thoughts 50

2.5.1 Fabrication Technology the Key to a Manufactured Product 50

2.5.2 Matching Product and Process 51

2.5.3 An Interdisciplinary Combination of Science, Engineering, and Intuition 52

Acknowledgments 55

References 55

3 Electrochemical Surface Processes and Opportunities for Material Synthesis 59
Stanko R. Brankovic and Giovanni Zangari

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Underpotential Deposition (UPD) 60

3.3 Metal Deposition via Surface-Limited Redox Replacement of Underpotentially Deposited Metal Layer 63

3.3.1 General Description 63

3.3.2 Stoichiometry of SLRR Reactions and Deposition Process 64

3.3.3 Driving Force for SLRR Reaction and Nucleation Rate of Depositing Metal 66

3.3.4 Reaction Kinetics of Surface-Limited Redox Replacement 69

3.3.5 Future Directions 74

3.4 Underpotential Codeposition (UPCD) 76

3.4.1 Energetics: Beyond theThermodynamic Approximation 78

3.4.1.1 Ion Adsorption at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface 78

3.4.1.2 Potential of Zero Charge (PZC) 79

3.4.1.3 Surface Defects, Reconstruction, and Segregation 79

3.4.1.4 Atomistic Description of the Growth Process 80

3.4.2 Kinetics 80

3.4.3 Equilibrium Alloy Structure and Phase Formation 85

3.4.3.1 Binary Alloys Forming Solid Solutions and Ordered Compounds 86

3.4.3.2 Intermetallic Compounds 87

3.4.3.3 Alloys Immiscible in the Bulk 90

3.4.4 Structure and Morphology of UPCD Alloy Films 92

3.4.4.1 Crystallographic Structure and Microstructure 92

3.4.4.2 Film Morphology 94

3.4.5 Applications of UPCD Growth Methods 95

3.4.5.1 Catalysis and Electrocatalysis 96

3.4.5.2 Photovoltaics 97

3.4.5.3 Magnetic Recording and Microsystems 99

Acknowledgments 101

References 101

4 Mathematical Modeling of Self-Organized Porous Anodic Oxide Films 107
Kurt R. Hebert

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 Phenomenology of Porous Anodic Oxide Formation 108

4.3 Mechanisms for Porous Anodic Oxide Formation 118

4.4 Elements of Porous Anodic Oxide Models 120

4.4.1 Ionic Migration Fluxes and Field Equations 120

4.4.2 Bulk Motion of Oxide 122

4.4.3 Interfacial Reactions 123

4.4.4 Boundary Conditions 125

4.4.5 Interface Motion 126

4.5 Modeling Results 128

4.5.1 Steady-State Porous Layer Growth 128

4.5.2 Linear Stability Analysis 130

4.5.3 Morphology Evolution 133 ...