Diatoms

The aim of this new book series (Diatoms: Biology and Applications) is to provide a comprehensive and reliable source of information on diatom biology and applications. The first book of the series, Diatoms Fundamentals & Applications, is wide ranging, starting with the contributions of amateurs and the beauty of diatoms, to details of how their shells are made, how they bend light to their advantage and ours, and major aspects of their biochemistry (photosynthesis and iron metabolism). The book then delves into the ecology of diatoms living in a wide range of habitats, and look at those few that can kill or harm us. The book concludes with a wide range of applications of diatoms, in forensics, manufacturing, medicine, biofuel and agriculture. The contributors are leading international experts on diatoms. This book is for a wide audience researchers, academics, students, and teachers of biology and related disciplines, written to both act as an introduction to diatoms and to present some of the most advanced research on them.

Autorentext

Professor J. Seckbach is a retired senior academician at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. He earned his MSc. & PhD from the University of Chicago. He was appointed to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem (as a senior Lecturer) and spent sabbaticals at UCLA and Harvard University. He served at Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, LA, USA, as the first selected Chair for the Louisiana Sea Grant and Technology transfer. He has edited over 35 scientific books and 6; 140 scientific articles on plant ferritinphytoferritin, cellular evolution, acidothermophilic algae, and life in extreme environments and on astrobiology. Richard Gordon's involvement with diatoms goes back to 1970 with his capillarity model for their gliding motility, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. He later worked on a diffusion limited aggregation model for diatom morphogenesis, which led to the first paper ever published on diatom nanotechnology in 1988. He organized the first workshop on diatom nanotech in 2003. His other research is on computed tomography algorithms, HIV/AIDS prevention, and embryogenesis.

Klappentext
Diatoms are beginning to have a wide impact on our technology and this volume details biofuels from diatoms, the industrial applications of fossil diatoms (diatomite or diatomaceous earth), and a new form of agriculture, bubble farming, aimed initially around diatom high value products and biofuel. Diatoms are single cells, an algal group in which each cell is surrounded by a silica glass shell. They appear in beautiful attractive shapes and have several uses, ranging from building materials to nanotechnology. Twenty percent of the oxygen we breathe is produced by diatom photosynthesis and they feed most of the aquatic food chain in fresh water and the oceans. They serve as sources of biofuel and improve solar energy production of electricity. Some of them are among the extremophiles (living in environments of hot or cold temperatures, at extreme pH ranges, at high or low light levels, and surviving desiccation). There are about 100,000 diatom species and a similar number of papers have been published since their discovery over three hundred years ago. The literature on diatoms is currently doubling every ten years, with over 50,000 papers during the last decade The aim of this new book series (Diatoms: Biology and Applications) is to provide a comprehensive and reliable source of information on diatom biology and applications. The first book of the series, Diatoms Fundamentals & Applications, is wide ranging, starting with the contributions of amateurs and the beauty of diatoms, to details of how their shells are made, how they bend light to their advantage and ours, and major aspects of their biochemistry (photosynthesis and iron metabolism). The book then delves into the ecology of diatoms living in a wide range of habitats, and looks at those few that can kill or harm us. The book concludes with a wide range of applications of diatoms, in forensics, manufacturing, medicine, biofuel and agriculture. The contributors are leading international experts on diatoms. This book is written to both act as an introduction to diatoms and to present some of the most advanced research on them. Audience Researchers and graduate students in the fields of phycology, biology, marine sciences and ecology.

Zusammenfassung
The aim of this new book series (Diatoms: Biology and Applications) is to provide a comprehensive and reliable source of information on diatom biology and applications. The first book of the series, Diatoms Fundamentals & Applications, is wide ranging, starting with the contributions of amateurs and the beauty of diatoms, to details of how their shells are made, how they bend light to their advantage and ours, and major aspects of their biochemistry (photosynthesis and iron metabolism). The book then delves into the ecology of diatoms living in a wide range of habitats, and look at those few that can kill or harm us. The book concludes with a wide range of applications of diatoms, in forensics, manufacturing, medicine, biofuel and agriculture. The contributors are leading international experts on diatoms. This book is for a wide audience researchers, academics, students, and teachers of biology and related disciplines, written to both act as an introduction to diatoms and to present some of the most advanced research on them.

Inhalt

Foreword xvii

Preface xxiii

**1 A Memorial to Frithjof Sterrenburg: The Importance of the Amateur Diatomist 1
Janice L. Pappas

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background and Interests 3

1.3 The Personality of an Amateur Diatomist 7

1.4 The Amateur Diatomist and the Importance of Collections 11

1.5 The Amateur Diatomist as Expert in the Tools of the Trade 12

1.6 The Amateur Diatomist as Peer-Reviewed Scientific Contributor 15

1.7 Concluding Remarks 20

Acknowledgments 21

References 21

**2 Alex Altenbach In Memoriam of a Friend 29
Wladyslaw Altermann

References 31

**3 The Beauty of Diatoms 33
Mary Ann Tiffany and Stephen S. Nagy

3.1 Early History of Observations of Diatoms 33

3.2 Live Diatoms 35

3.3 Shapes and Structures 35

3.4 Diatom Beauty at Various Scales 36

3.5 Valves During Morphogenesis 37

3.6 Jamin-Lebedeff Interference Contrast Microscopy 39

3.7 Conclusion 40

Acknowledgments 40

References 41

**4 Current Diatom Research in China 43
Yu Xin Zhang

4.1 Diatoms for Energy Conversion and Storage 43

4.1.1 Introduction 43

4.1.2 Diatom Silica: Structure, Properties and Their Optimization 46

4.1.3 Diatoms for Lithium Ion Battery Materials 48

4.1.4 Diatoms for Energy Storage: Supercapacitors 51

4.1.5 Diatoms for Solar Cells 56

4.1.6 Diatoms for Hydrogen Storage 58

4.1.7 Diatoms for Thermal Energy Storage 59

4.2 Diatoms for Water Treatment 61

4.2.1 Support for Preparation of Diatomite-Based Adsorption Composites 61

4.2.2 Catalyst and Template for Preparation of Porous Carbon Materials 63

4.2.3 Modification of Surface and Porous Structure 66

4.2.4 Support for Preparation of Diatomite-Based Metal Oxide Composites 75

4.3 Study of Tribological Performances of Compound Dimples Based on Diatoms Shell Structures 86

References 88

**5 Cellular Mechanisms of Diatom Valve Morphogenesis 99
Yekaterina D. Bedoshvili and Yelena V. Likhoshway

5.1 Introduction 99

5.2 Valve Symmetry 100

5.3 Valve Silification Order 102

5.4 Silica Within SDV 103

5.5 Macromorphogenesis Control 104

5.6 Cytoskeletal Control of Morphogenesis 106

5.7 The Role of Vesicles in Morphogenesis 107

5.8 Valve Exocytosis and the SDV Origin 108

5.9 Conclusion 110

References 110

**6 Application of Focused Ion Beam Technique in Taxono…