Principles of Flight Simulation

Principles of Flight Simulation is a comprehensive guide to flight simulator design, covering the modelling, algorithms and software which underpin flight simulation. The book covers the mathematical modelling and software which underpin flight simulation. The detailed equations of motion used to model aircraft dynamics are developed and then applied to the simulation of flight control systems and navigation systems. Real-time computer graphics algorithms are developed to implement aircraft displays and visual systems, covering OpenGL and OpenSceneGraph. The book also covers techniques used in motion platform development, the design of instructor stations and validation and qualification of simulator systems. An exceptional feature of Principles of Flight Simulation is access to a complete suite of software (href="http://www.wiley.com/go/allerton">www.wiley.com/go/allerton) to enable experienced engineers to develop their own flight simulator - something that should be well within the capability of many university engineering departments and research organisations. Based on C code modules from an actual flight simulator developed by the author, along with lecture material from lecture series given by the author at Cranfield University and the University of Sheffield Brings together mathematical modeling, computer graphics, real-time software, flight control systems, avionics and simulator validation into one of the faster growing application areas in engineering * Features full colour plates of images and photographs. Principles of Flight Simulation will appeal to senior and postgraduate students of system dynamics, flight control systems, avionics and computer graphics, as well as engineers in related disciplines covering mechanical, electrical and computer systems engineering needing to develop simulation facilities.

Autorentext
David Allerton is Professor of Computer Systems Engineering in the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield. He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (FRAeS) and the Institution of Electrical Engineers (FIEE). He has been a Lecturer at the University of Southampton and the Professor of Avionics at Cranfield University. He has served on several national committees and is a member and past-Chairman of the Royal Aeronautical Society's Flight Simulation Group.

Zusammenfassung
Principles of Flight Simulation is a comprehensive guide to flight simulator design, covering the modelling, algorithms and software which underpin flight simulation. The book covers the mathematical modelling and software which underpin flight simulation. The detailed equations of motion used to model aircraft dynamics are developed and then applied to the simulation of flight control systems and navigation systems. Real-time computer graphics algorithms are developed to implement aircraft displays and visual systems, covering OpenGL and OpenSceneGraph. The book also covers techniques used in motion platform development, the design of instructor stations and validation and qualification of simulator systems.

An exceptional feature of Principles of Flight Simulation is access to a complete suite of software (www.wiley.com/go/allerton) to enable experienced engineers to develop their own flight simulator something that should be well within the capability of many university engineering departments and research organisations.

• Based on C code modules from an actual flight simulator developed by the author, along with lecture material from lecture series given by the author at Cranfield University and the University of Sheffield
• Brings together mathematical modeling, computer graphics, real-time software, flight control systems, avionics and simulator validation into one of the faster growing application areas in engineering
• Features full colour plates of images and photographs.
  Principles of Flight Simulation will appeal to senior and postgraduate students of system dynamics, flight control systems, avionics and computer graphics, as well as engineers in related disciplines covering mechanical, electrical and computer systems engineering needing to develop simulation facilities.

Inhalt

About the Author xiii

Preface xv

Glossary xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Historical Perspective 1

1.1.1 The First 40 Years of Flight 19051945 1

1.1.2 Analogue Computing, 19451965 3

1.1.3 Digital Computing, 19651985 5

1.1.4 The Microelectronics Revolution, 1985present 6

1.2 The Case for Simulation 9

1.2.1 Safety 9

1.2.2 Financial Benefits 10

1.2.3 Training Transfer 11

1.2.4 Engineering Flight Simulation 13

1.3 The Changing Role of Simulation 14

1.4 The Organization of a Flight Simulator 16

1.4.1 Equations of Motion 16

1.4.2 Aerodynamic Model 17

1.4.3 Engine Model 18

1.4.4 Data Acquisition 18

1.4.5 Gear Model 19

1.4.6 Weather Model 19

1.4.7 Visual System 20

1.4.8 Sound System 21

1.4.9 Motion System 21

1.4.10 Control Loading 22

1.4.11 Instrument Displays 23

1.4.12 Navigation Systems 23

1.4.13 Maintenance 24

1.5 The Concept of Real-time Simulation 24

1.6 Pilot Cues 27

1.6.1 Visual Cueing 28

1.6.2 Motion Cueing 29

1.7 Training versus Simulation 30

1.8 Examples of Simulation 32

1.8.1 Commercial Flight Training 32

1.8.2 Military Flight Training 34

1.8.3 Ab Initio Flight Training 34

1.8.4 Land Vehicle Simulators 34

1.8.5 Engineering Flight Simulators 35

1.8.6 Aptitude Testing 36

1.8.7 Computer-based Training 36

1.8.8 Maintenance Training 37

References 37

2 Principles of Modelling 41

2.1 Modelling Concepts 41

2.2 Newtonian Mechanics 43

2.3 Axes Systems 51

2.4 Differential Equations 53

2.5 Numerical Integration 56

2.5.1 Approximation Methods 56

2.5.2 First-order Methods 58

2.5.3 Higher-order Methods 59

2.6 Real-time Computing 63

2.7 Data Acquisition 67

2.7.1 Data Transmission 67

2.7.2 Data Acquisition 69

2.8 Flight Data 74

2.9 Interpolation 77

2.10 Distributed Systems 82

2.11 A Real-time Protocol 91

2.12 Problems in Modelling 92

References 96

3 Aircraft Dynamics 97

3.1 Principles of Flight Modelling 97

3.2 The Atmosphere 98

3.3 Forces 100

3.3.1 Aerodynamic Lift 100

3.3.2 Aerodynamic Side force 104

3.3.3 Aerodynamic Drag 105

3.3.4 Propulsive Forces 106

3.3.5 Gravitational Force 107

3.4 Moments 107

3.4.1 Static Stability 109

3.4.2 Aerodynamic Moments 111

3.4.3 Aerodynamic Derivatives 113

3.5 Axes Systems 114

3.5.1 The Body Frame 115

3.5.2 Stability Axes 117

3.5.3 Wind Axes 117

3.5.4 Inertial Axes 118

3.5.5 Transformation between Axes 118

3.5.6 Earth-centred Earth-fixed (ECEF) Frame 119

3.5.7 Latitude and Longitude 122

3.6 Quaternions 122

3.7 Equations of Motion 124

3.8 Propulsion 127

3.8.1 Piston Engines 128

3.8.2 Jet Engines 136

3.9 The Landing Gear 138

3.10 The Equations Collected 143

3.11 The Equations Revisited Long Range Navigation 148

3.11.1 Coriolis Acceleration 150

References 154

4 Simulation of Flight Control Systems 157

4.1 The Laplace Transform 157

4.2 Simulation of Transfer Functions 161

4.3 PID Control Systems 163

4.4 Trimming 169

4.5 Aircraft Flight Control Systems 171

4.6 The Turn Coordinator and the Yaw Damper 172

4.7 The Auto-throttle 176

4.8 Vertical Speed Management 179 4.9 Altitude Hold 182&lt...