Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media

At a time when environmental concerns are increasing, it's
important that chemical processes are as environmentally friendly
as possible. This book outlines various methods for producing
inorganic and organic solvents without the use of traditional
solvents that can have detrimental effects on the environment.

• This is the first book to give extensive and exclusive coverage
  to the topic

• Includes important environmental issues

This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in organic
synthesis; reaction chemistry; catalysis; and process development,
and to undergraduate and graduate students of organic chemistry;
catalysis; green chemistry; clean technology and environmental
chemistry courses.

Autorentext

Dave J. Adams is the author of Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media, published by Wiley.

Paul J. Dyson is the author of Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media, published by Wiley.

Stewart J. Tavener is the author of Chemistry In Alternative Reaction Media, published by Wiley.

Zusammenfassung
At a time when environmental concerns are increasing, it's important that chemical processes are as environmentally friendly as possible. This book outlines various methods for producing inorganic and organic solvents without the use of traditional solvents that can have detrimental effects on the environment.

• This is the first book to give extensive and exclusive coverage to the topic
• Includes important environmental issues
  This book will appeal to anyone with an interest in organic synthesis; reaction chemistry; catalysis; and process development, and to undergraduate and graduate students of organic chemistry; catalysis; green chemistry; clean technology and environmental chemistry courses.

Inhalt
Preface. Abbreviations and Acronyms.

1 Chemistry in Alternative Reaction Media.

1.1 Economic and Political Considerations.

1.2 Why Do Things Dissolve?

1.3 Solvent Properties and Solvent Classification.

1.3.1 Density.

1.3.2 Mass Transport.

1.3.3 Boiling Point, Melting Point and Volatility.

1.3.4 Solvents as Heat-Transfer Media.

1.3.5 Cohesive Pressure, Internal Pressure, and Solubility Parameter.

1.4 Solvent Polarity.

1.4.1 Dipole Moment and Dispersive Forces.

1.4.2 Dielectric Constant.

1.4.3 Electron Pair Donor and Acceptor Numbers.

1.4.4 Empirical Polarity Scales.

1.4.5 *E*NT and *E*T(30) Parameters.

1.4.6 KamletTaft Parameters.

1.4.7 Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) and Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) Solvents.

1.5 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Systems.

1.5.1 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Chemical Reactions.

1.5.2 The Effect of Solvent Polarity on Equilibria.

1.6 W hat is Required from Alternative Solvent Strategies?

References.

2 Multiphasic Solvent Systems.

2.1 An Introduction to Multiphasic Chemistry.

2.1.1 The Traditional Biphasic Approach.

2.1.2 Temperature Dependent Solvent Systems.

2.1.3 Single- to Two-Phase Systems.

2.1.4 Multiphasic Systems.

2.2 Solvent Combinations.

2.2.1 Water.

2.2.2 Fluorous Solvents.

2.2.3 Ionic Liquids.

2.2.4 Supercritical Fluids and Other Solvent Combinations.

2.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Multiphasic Systems.

2.3.1 Partially Miscible Liquids.

2.4 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions.

2.4.1 Rate is Independent of Stoichiometry.

2.4.2 Rate is Determined by the Probability of Reactants Meeting.

2.4.3 Rate is Measured by the Concentration of the Reagents.

2.4.4 Catalysed Systems.

2.5 Kinetics of Biphasic Reactions.

2.5.1 The Concentration of Reactants in Each Phase is Affected by Diffusion.

2.5.2 The Concentration of the Reactants and Products in the Reacting Phase is Determined by Their Partition Coefficients.

2.5.3 The Partition Coefficients of the Reactants and Products May Alter the Position of the Equilibrium.

2.5.4 Effect of Diffusion on Rate.

2.5.5 Determining the Rate of a Reaction in a Biphasic System.

2.6 Conclusions.

References.

3 Reactions in Fluorous Media.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Properties of Perfluorinated Solvents.

3.3 Designing Molecules for Fluorous Compatibility.

3.4 Probing the Effect of Perfluoroalkylation on Ligand Properties.

3.5 Partition Coefficients.

3.6 LiquidLiquid Extractions.

3.7 Solid Separations.

3.8 Conclusions.

References.

4 Ionic Liquids.

4.1 Introduction.

4.1.1 The Cations and Anions.

4.1.2 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids.

4.2 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids.

4.3 Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Ionic Liquids in Synthesis.

4.4 Catalyst Design.

4.5 Conclusions.

References.

5 Reactions in Water.

5.1 The Structure and Properties of Water.

5.1.1 The Structure of Water.

5.1.2 Near-Critical Water.

5.1.3 The Hydrophobic Effect.

5.1.4 The Salt Effect.

5.2 The Benefits and Problems Associated with Using Water in Chemical Synthesis.

5.3 Organometallic Reactions in Water.

5.4 Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis.

5.4.1 Ligands for AqueousOrganic Biphasic Catalysis.

5.5 Phase Transfer Catalysis.

5.5.1 The Transfer of Nucleophiles into Organic Solvents.

5.5.2 Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitutions Under Phase Transfer Conditions. <...