Conjugated Polymers for Biological and Biomedical Applications

This first book to specifically focus on applications of conjugated polymers in the fields of biology and biomedicine covers materials science, physical principles, and nanotechnology. The editor and authors, all pioneers and experts with extensive research experience in the field, firstly introduce the synthesis and optical properties of various conjugated polymers, highlighting how to make organic soluble polymers compatible with the aqueous environment. This is followed by the application of these materials in optical sensing and imaging as well as the emerging applications in image-guided therapy and in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The result is a consolidated overview for polymer chemists, materials scientists, biochemists, biotechnologists, and bioengineers.

Autorentext

Dr. Bin Liu is the Provost's Chair Professor and Head of Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore. She received her PhD degree from NUS and started her independent academic career after a postdoctoral training at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. She has authored and co-authored over 350 scientific publications. Named among the World's Most Influential Minds and the Top 1% Highly Cited Researchers in Materials Science by Thomson Reuters and Clarivate Analytics from 2014 to 2017, Dr. Liu specializes in bringing organic soluble materials into aqueous media, with a focus on the exploration of their unique applications in biomedical research, environmental monitoring and electronic devices. Dr. Liu is the recipient of multiple prestigious awards, including the National Science and Technology Young Scientist Award, L'Oreal Women in Science National Fellowship, Asia Rising Star, Singapore National Institute of Chemistry-BASF Materials Award, Singapore National Research Foundation lnvestigatorship, Elsevier Materials in Society Lectureship, NUS Provost's Chair Professorship and the President's Technology Award. She was also recently elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Fellow of Singapore Academy of Engineering and Asia-Pacific Academy of Materials, in addition to multiple invitations to serve on the editorial boards of 15 international refereed journals. Besides her academic endeavors, Dr. Liu is highly active in technopreneurship. She holds 28 patents, of which 15 have been licensed to companies across the US, UK and Asia, and co-founded a start-up company Luminicell to commercialize her bioprobe technology based on fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission feature.

Klappentext
This first book to specifically focus on the applications of conjugated polymers in the fields of biology and biomedicine covers a wide range of scientific areas, including materials science, organic chemistry, biology, and nanotechnology. The editor and authors, all pioneers and experts with extensive research experience in the field, firstly introduce the synthesis and optical properties of various conjugated polymers, highlighting how to make organic polymers soluble and compatible with the aqueous environment. This is followed by the applications of these materials in optical sensing and imaging as well as the emerging applications in image-guided therapy and in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The result is a consolidated overview for polymer chemists, materials scientists, biochemists, biotechnologists, and bioengineers.

Inhalt
Preface xi

**1 Strategies to Bring Conjugated Polymers into Aqueous Media 1
**Jie Liu and Bin Liu

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Synthesis of CPEs 2

1.2.1 Anionic CPEs 4

1.2.1.1 Sulfonated CPEs 4

1.2.1.2 Carboxylated CPEs 8

1.2.1.3 Phosphonated CPEs 13

1.2.2 Cationic CPEs 14

1.2.2.1 Ammonium CPEs 14

1.2.2.2 Pyridinium CPEs 20

1.2.2.3 Phosphonium CPEs 21

1.2.3 Zwitterionic CPEs 21

1.3 Neutral WSCPs 23

1.4 Fabrication of CPNPs 25

1.4.1 Reprecipitation 26

1.4.2 Miniemulsion 26

1.4.3 Nanoprecipitation 28

1.5 Conclusion 30

References 30

**2 Direct Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles 35
**Sibel Ciftci and Alexander J. C. Kuehne

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Generation of CPNs 39

2.2.1 Postpolymerization Techniques 39

2.2.1.1 Nanoprecipitation 39

2.2.1.2 Miniemulsification 41

2.2.1.3 Microfluidics 42

2.2.1.4 Self?]Assembly 45

2.2.2 Direct Polymerization in Heterogeneous Systems 45

2.2.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 46

2.2.2.2 Polymerization in Miniemulsion 48

2.2.2.3 Polymerization in Microemulsion 49

2.2.2.4 Dispersion Polymerization 50

2.3 Conclusion 53

References 53

3 Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles and Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Molecular Sensing and In **Vivo and Cellular Imaging 59
**Xu Wu and Daniel T. Chiu

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Preparation, Characterization, and Functionalization 60

3.2.1 Preparation 60

3.2.2 Characterization 61

3.2.3 Functionalization 62

3.3 Molecular Sensing 65

3.3.1 Metal?]Ion Sensing 65

3.3.2 Oxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species Detection 66

3.3.3 pH and Temperature Monitoring 69

3.3.4 Sensing of Other Molecules 71

3.4 Cellular Imaging 74

3.4.1 Fluorescence Imaging 74

3.4.1.1 In Vitro Imaging 74

3.4.1.2 In Vivo Imaging 76

3.4.2 Photoacoustic Imaging 77

3.4.3 Multimodality Imaging 77

3.5 Conclusion 80

Acknowledgment 81

References 81

**4 Conjugated Polymers for In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging 87
**Jun Li and Dan Ding

4.1 Introduction 87

4.2 In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging of Tumors 88

4.3 Stimuli?]Responsive Fluorescence Imaging 92

4.4 In Vivo Fluorescence Cell Tracking 95

4.5 Two?]Photon Excited Brain Vascular Imaging 98

4.6 Dual?]Modality Imaging of Tumors In Vivo 99

4.7 Other In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging Applications 101

4.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 103

References 103

**5 -Conjugated/Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging 111
**Chen Xie and Kanyi Pu

5.1 Introduction 111

5.2 Mechanism of PA Imaging 112

5.3 SPNs for PA Imaging 114

5.3.1 Preparation of SPNs 114

5.3.2 PA Imaging of Brain Vasculature 116

5.3.3 PA Imaging of Tumor 119

5.3.4 PA Imaging of Lymph Nodes 123

5.3.5 PA Imaging of ROS 125

5.3.6 Multimodal Imaging 125

5.4 Summary and Outlook 127

References 129

**6 Conjugated Polymers for Two?]Photon Live Cell Imaging 135
**Shuang Li, Xiao?]Fang Jiang, and Qing?]Hua Xu

6.1 Introduction 135

6.2 Conjugated Polymers and CPNs as One?]Photon Excitation Imaging Contrast Agents 138

6.3 Conjugated Polymers as 2PEM Contrast Agents 140

6.4 Conjugated?]Polymer?]Based Nanoparticles (CPNs) as 2PEM Contrast Agents 146

6.4.1 CPNs Prepared from Hydrophobic Conjugated Polymers 146 6.4.2 CPNs Prepared from Conjugated Polyelectrolytes (CPE...