Energy

Energy: Economy and Prospective emerged from the course taught by the author at the Federal Institute of Technology of Lausanne. It focuses on the economics and future prospects of energy. Having as much an analytical as well as a synthetic approach, the author has been struck by the confusion and superficiality reigning in this vital, complex area, and has recognized the need to link theory with practice and the present with the future.
The book begins by defining the actual situation and the basic factors which will determine the evolution of energy consumption. From it will come an estimate of probable needs for the decades to come. Separate chapters discuss topics such as primary energy resources; the use that is made of them in useful energy; the transformation chains between the primary form and the useful form and the corresponding flows; and methods applied to produce this energy.
This work is aimed at anyone wishing to acquire general information on the economics of energy. The author's intention is that it should correspond to that which any university student should know of the matter, and especially to that which should not be unknown to any engineer aware that he should not be just a specialist but must take his share of responsibility in the economic evolution of that part of society to which he belongs.

Inhalt

Chapter 1. Probable Evolution of World Consumption of Energy
§ a. Background
§ b. Some Essential Data
§ c. Stabilization of Growth
§ d. Current Consumption of Primary Energy
§ e. Probable Increase in Population
§ f. Stabilization of the Consumption of Energy
§ g. Energy Consumption following Its Current Trend
§ h. Scenarios for the Possible Evolution of Energy Consumption
h1. General Framework
h2. Financial and Human Aspects
h3. Fundamental Relationship and Alternative of Choice
h4. Scenario 3a
h5. Scenario 3b
h6. Scenario 3c
§ i. Comparison of the Various Forecasts
§ j. Relationship "Standard of Living - Consumption of Energy"
j1. Quality of the Correlation
j2. Form of the R(H) Law
j3. Evolution in Time
§ k. Investments Necessary
k1. Specific Investments
k2. Renewal and New Installations
k3. Comparison with Gross Incomes
k4. Final Remarks
§ l. Cyclic Evolution of the Economic Situation
§ m. Causes of Distortion of the Forecasts
m1. Effect of Climatic Conditions on the Forecast
m2. Effect of Technological Changes
§ n. Conclusions
Annex 1A Relationships Linking the Numbers of the Populations, the Consumption of Energy per Inhabitant, the Total Consumption of Energy, and the Annual Growth Rates of These Different Quantities
Annex 1B Population, Income and Energy Consumed of the Countries Used as Basis for the Correlation "Income-Energy" and the Formation of Groups A, B and C 58
Chapter 2. Definitions and Sources of Energy
Part 1. Definitions
§ a. Units
§ b. Types of Energy
§ c. Relative Roles of Different Energies
§ d. Concept of Primary Energy
§ e. The Idea of Useful Energy
§ f. The Idea of Intermediate Energy
§ g. Losses
Part 2. Sources
§ h. Enumeration
§ i. Energy Values of Primary Energies
§ j . Generalities on the Reserves
§ k. Nonrenewable Reserves and Resources
§ l. Renewable Resources
§ m. General Recapitulation of Reserves and Resources
Annex 2A The "System International" of Units (SI)
Annex 2B Metric Systems
Annex 2C Anglo-Saxon Units
Annex 2D Example of the Determination of the Primary Hydraulic Energy: The Case of the Val D'Anniviers in Switzerland
Annex 2E Thermal Energy and the Energy Utility Factor
Chapter 3. Distribution of the Consumption of Energy
§ a. Introduction
§ b. Distribution of the World Consumption of Primary Energy
b1. Consumption of the Different Primary Energies
b2. Relative Roles of the Various Primary Energies
b3. Consumption per Inhabitant
§ c. Primary Energy Consumption of Three Large Societies
c1. Evolution of the Total Consumption
c2. Shares of Different Primary Energies
c3. Case of Western Europe
c4. Consumption per Inhabitant
§ d. Primary Energy Consumption of Three Industrialized Countries
d1. Total Consumption
d2. The Shares of the Different Primary Energies
d3. Consumption per Inhabitant
§ e. Consumption of Primary Energy in Japan, Spain and Switzerland
e1. Total Consumption
e2. Shares of the Different Primary Energies
e3. Consumption per Inhabitant
§ f. Remarks about Switzerland
f1. The Nature of an Industrialized Country
f2. Distribution of the Consumption of Usable Primary Energy
f3. Shares of Various Primary Energies Since 1910
f4. Dependence of the Energy Supply
§ g. Summary of Comparisons
§ h. Total Useful Energy
§ i. Distribution of the Consumption of Useful Energy
i1. According to Type
i2. According to User
§ j. Useful Energy in Usable Energy, or Useful Exergy
Chapter 4. Transformation of Energy
§ a. General Comments
§ b. Energy Chains
b1. Coal
b2. Petroleum
b3. Hydraulic Energy
b4. Nuclear Energy
b5. Solar Energy
§ c. Qualitative Ensemble of Transformations
c1. Case of Switzerland
c2. Possibilities of Transfer
§ d. Quantitative Aspect
d1. General Remarks
d2. Production of Heat from Hydrocarbons
d3. Graphical Representation and Hydraulic Analogy
d4. Comparison
§ e. Energy Balance Sheets and Flows
e1. Principle of the Balance Sheet
e2. A Particular Example
e3. Energy Flow
e4. Energy Flow in Switzerland
§ f. Energy Balance Sheets and Flows for Some Industrialized Countries
§ g. Distributed Energies
g1. By Type
g2. By User
§ h. Upgrading of Electricity
§ i. Production Chains of Useful Energy
i1. Production of Useful Heat
i2. Production of Mechanical Work
i3. Conclusions
Annex 4A Energy Flow in 1972 for Western and Eastern Europe
Annex 4B Primary Energy and Distributed Energy in Some Industrialized Countries (Switzerland, France, U.K., F.R.G., U.S.A.) and the Determination of the Reducing Factors for Fuels and Electricity
Chapter 5. Methods of Production
Introduction
Part 1. Large-Scale Methods in Current Use
§ a. Extraction and Preparation of Fuels
§ b. Production of Heat and Electricity
Part 2. Future or Supplementary Possibilities
§ c. Major Possibilities
§ d. Limited Possibilities
§ e. Direct Conversion Possibilities
§ f. Other Intermediate Forms
Chapter 6. Transport and Storage
Part 1. Transport
§ a. General Remarks
§ b. Ships
§ c. Pipelines
§ d. Rail and Road
§ e. Electric Lines
Part 2. Storage
§ f. Need for Storage
§ g. Chemical and Nuclear Energy
§ h. Mechanical Energy
§ i. Heat
§ j. Size of the Storage
§ k. Some General Remarks
Chapter 7. Electricity and Hydrocarbons
Part 1. Electricity
§ a. General Comments
§ b. Comparisons of Production and Consumption in the World and in Europe
§ c. Production of Some Collectivities or Countries
§ d. Situation in Switzerland
§ e. Periodical Variations in Consumption
§ f. Periodical Variations in Production in Switzerland
§ g. Adaptation of Production to Consumption
§ h. Large Networks and Interconnection
§ i. Consumption of Electricity and Gross National Income
§ j. Probable Evolution of Electricity Consumption
Part 2. Hydrocarbons
§ k. Petroleum and Derivatives
§ l. Natural Gas
Annex 7A Consumption of Electricity of 77 Countries in 1975
Chapter 8. The Cost of Energy
§ a. Introduction
Part 1. Calculation of the Cost of Energy and Determination of Profitability
§ b. Investments
§ c. Annual Charges
§ d. Cost and Value of the Production
Part 2. Numerical Examples
§ e. Investments for the Produ…