The Physiological Effects of Ageing

The Physiological Effects of Ageing is a comprehensive
resource for all nurses working with older people, enabling them to
apply their knowledge of the ageing process to their practice, and,
in doing so, enhance care delivery. This book emphasizes the normal
ageing changes before considering possible effects of ageing on
body systems, using as its framework Roper, Logan and
Tierney's activities of living. Although problems associated
with ageing are identified, nursing assessment and interventions
are considered which can help reduce the impact these changes have
on a person's functional ability.

Special Features:

• Explores current theories of ageing

• Makes use of reflective points and points of practice

• Looks at key topics of maintaining a safe environment and
  communication

• Discusses error theory, free radical theory and the immune
  theory

• A highly accessible text which encourages holistic
  patient-centred care

Autorentext

ALISTAIR FARLEY, MSc, BSc, DipN, RGN, RMN

Lecturer in Nursing, University of Dundee

Develop/Teach into pre (CFP and adult branch) and post registration
programmes of nursing.

ELLA McLAFFERTY PhD, BSc, DipN, RGN, SCM, RNT

Senior Lecturer, University of Dundee

Senior Lecturer with the strategic responsibility of developing
Inter-professional Education.

CARLES HENDRY PhD, BA(Hons), DipN, RGN, RMN, RCT,
RNT

Senior Lecturer in Nursing, University of Dundee

Also currently working with the Research Dean in the role of
Research Development Facilitator.

Zusammenfassung
The Physiological Effects of Ageing is a comprehensive resource for all nurses working with older people, enabling them to apply their knowledge of the ageing process to their practice, and, in doing so, enhance care delivery. This book emphasizes the normal ageing changes before considering possible effects of ageing on body systems, using as its framework Roper, Logan and Tierney's activities of living. Although problems associated with ageing are identified, nursing assessment and interventions are considered which can help reduce the impact these changes have on a person's functional ability. Special Features:

• Explores current theories of ageing
• Makes use of reflective points and points of practice
• Looks at key topics of maintaining a safe environment and communication
• Discusses error theory, free radical theory and the immune theory
• A highly accessible text which encourages holistic patient-centred care

Inhalt
Author profi les xiii Preface xv

1 Growing Older 1

Introduction 1

Drivers in the care of older adults 2

Activities of living 3

Overall aims 4

References 5

2 Theories of Ageing 7

Aims 7

Learning Outcomes 7

Introduction 7

Ageing theories 7

Error theory 8

Free radical theory 8

Immune theory 9

Programmed theory of ageing: changes in cell replication 10

Neuroendocrine theory 11

Effects of ageing on homeostasis and body function 11

Summary 12

References and further reading 13

3 Maintaining a Safe Environment 14

Aims 14

Learning Outcomes 14

Introduction 14

Immune system 15

Physical/mechanical and chemical barriers 15

Phagocytosis 15

Acute infl ammatory response 16

Typical immune response to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms 17

Relationship between innate (non-specifi c) and acquired (specifi c) immunity 17

Wound healing 18

Ageing changes in the immune system 19

Changes in the thymus 20

T cell function 20

B cell function 20

Natural killer cells 21

Infl ammatory process 21

Nutrition 22

Changes to the skin and mucous membranes 23

HIV/AIDS 24

Assessment of the immune system 24

HIV/AIDS 26

Stages of HIV infection 26

Modes of transmission related to older adults 26

Issues relating to older people and HIV/AIDS 27

Summary 29

References and further reading 30

Useful websites 31

4 Communicating 32

Aims 32

Learning Outcomes 32

Introduction 32

Normal structure and function 33

The nervous system 33

Ageing changes in the nervous system 39

Brain 39

Neuronal loss 39

Neuronal networks 40

Neurotransmitters 40

Lipofuscin and neurofi brillary tangles 41

Movement 41

Changes in the spinal cord 41

The eye 42

Structures of the eye 42

Aqueous humour and vitreous humour 43

Accessory structures 43

Physiology of vision 43

Refraction 44

Accommodation 44

Constriction 44

Convergence 44

Retina and the conversion of light to an electrical signal 44

Ageing changes in the eye 45

The ear 46

Normal structure and function 46

Physiology of sound 48

Ageing changes in hearing and vestibular function 49

Conditions associated with communication diffi culty in older adults 49

Delirium 49

Assessment for delirium 51

Management 52

Pain in older people 53

Epidemiology of pain for older people 53

Criteria for choosing a pain assessment tool 54

Other factors 58

Management of pain for older people 59

Parkinson's disease 59

Pathophysiology 60

Diagnosis 62

Medical management 62

Nursing management 63

Summary 64

References and further reading 64

Useful websites 66

5 Breathing 67

Aims 67

Learning Outcomes 67

Introduction 67

Normal structure and function 68

Upper respiratory tract 68

Lower respiratory tract 69

Mechanics of respiration 71

The mechanics of breathing 71

Inspiration 71

Expiration 72

Gas exchange 73

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport 73

Control of breathing 73

Nervous system control 73 Chemical control 74</p&g...