Introduction to Soil Chemistry

Provides the tools needed to explore the incredible complexities of the earth's soils

Now in its Second Edition, this highly acclaimed text fully equips readers with the skills and knowledge needed to analyze soil and correctly interpret the results. Due to the highly complex nature of soil, the author carefully explains why unusual results are routinely obtained during soil analyses, including the occurrence of methane in soil under oxidative conditions. The text also assists readers in developing their own analytical techniques in order to analyze particular samples or test for particular compounds or properties.

The Second Edition of Introduction to Soil Chemistry features four new chapters. Moreover, the entire text has been thoroughly updated and revised. It begins with a review of the history of soil chemistry, introducing fundamental concepts that apply to all soils. Next, the text explores:

• Basic soil characteristics, horizonation, texture, clay, air, water, solids, organic matter, organisms, and fundamental chemical concepts essential to soil chemistry

• Tested and proven sampling techniques for soil analysis that provide reliable analytical results

• Basic soil measurement techniques and extraction procedures

• Instrumentation to isolate and identify soil chemicals, including plant nutrients and contaminants

Detailed examples and figures throughout the text help readers successfully perform soil sampling and analytical methods as well as better understand soil's chemical characteristics. At the end of each chapter, a bibliography and list of references lead to additional resources to explore individual topics in greater depth. Each chapter also offers problem sets, encouraging readers to put their newfound skills into practice.

Reflecting the latest research findings and best practices, the Second Edition of Introduction to Soil Chemistry is ideal for both students and soil chemists who want to explore the incredible complexities of the earth's soils.

Autorentext

ALFRED R. CONKLIN JR., PhD, is Professor of Agriculture and Soil at Wilmington College, where he teaches soil science, organic chemistry, and chemistry and the environment. He is also the International Director of the International Undergraduate Research Symposium. The recipient of three Fulbright Awards, Dr. Conklin has more than four decades of experience extracting and analyzing soil samples from Africa, Asia, and North and South America.

Inhalt

PREFACE xi

INSTRUMENTAL METHOD ACRONYMS xiv

COMMON HYPHENATED INSTRUMENTAL METHOD ABBREVIATIONS xv

ABBREVIATED PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS xvi

CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF SOIL CHEMISTRY 1

1.1 The 19th Century 3

1.2 The End of the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century 8

1.3 The 20th Century 11

1.4 The End of the 20th and the Beginning of the 21st Century 14

1.5 Conclusion 15

Problems 15

References 16

Bibliography 18

CHAPTER 2 SOIL BASICS PART I: LARGE FEATURES 19

2.1. Horizonation 28

2.2 Peds 33

2.3 Soil Color 36

2.4 Soil Naming 38

2.5 The Landscape 39

2.6 Relationship of Large Features to Soil Chemistry, Soil Analysis, and Instrumentation 40

2.7 Conclusions 42

Problems 42

References 43

Bibliography 43

CHAPTER 3 SOIL BASICS PART II: MICROSCOPIC TO ATOMIC ORBITAL DESCRIPTION OF SOIL CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 44

Soil Components Independent 45

3.1 Soil Solids 45

Soil Components Interacting 53

3.2. Bonding Considerations 53

Soil Components in Combination 58

3.3 Surface Features 58

3.4 Energy Considerations 60

3.5 Reaction Paths 61

3.6 Steric Factors 62

3.7 Rate Factors 62

3.8 All Factored Together 63

3.9 Micelles 63

3.10 Coated Surfaces 63

3.11 Conclusions 65

Problems 65

References 66

Bibliography 67

CHAPTER 4 SOIL BASICS PART III: THE BIOLOGICAL AND ORGANIC COMPONENTS IN SOIL 68

Biota of Soil 69

4.1 Animals 69

4.2 Plants 71

4.3 Microorganisms 75

Biological and Organic Chemicals of Soil 79

4.4 Biochemical 79

4.5 Bioorganic 81

4.6 Organic Compounds 81

4.7 Analysis 87

4.8 Conclusions 89

Problems 90

References 90

Bibliography 92

Web Sites 92

CHAPTER 5 SOIL BASICS PART IV: THE SOIL AIR AND SOIL SOLUTION 93

5.1 Soil Air 94

5.2 Water 95

5.3 Solubility 98

5.4 Elements in Solution 99

5.5 Dissolved Gases 99

5.6 Compounds in Solution 100

5.7 Inorganic Ions in Solution 102

5.8 Organic Ions in Solution 104

5.9 Soil pH 105

5.10 The Soil Solution around Particles 106

5.11 Distribution between Soil Solids and Soil Solution 106

5.12 Oxidative and Reductive Reactions in the Soil Solution 108

5.13 Measuring Soil Water 109

5.14 Conclusion 112

Problems 112

References 113

Bibliography 114

CHAPTER 6 SPECIATION 115

6.1 Cations 118

6.2 Anions 123

6.3 Isolation of Species 128

6.4 Sampling, Sample Storage, and Speciation 129

6.5 Conclusions 130

Problems 131

References 131

Bibliography 134

CHAPTER 7 SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION SAMPLING, SAMPLE TRANSPORT, AND STORAGE 135

7.1 Field Sampling 136

7.2 Sampling Cropped Land 147

7.3 Environmental Sampling 148

7.4 Other Environmental Sampling Situations 148

7.5 Sample Transport and Storage 148

7.6 Laboratory Sampling 149

7.7 Sampling the Soil Solution 153

7.8 Conclusions 155

Problems 156

References 157

Bibliography 158

CHAPTER 8 DIRECT AND INDIRECT MEASUREMENT IN SOIL ANALYSIS 159

8.1 Direct Measurements 160

8.2 Mediated Direct Measurement 166

8.3 Indirect Soil Measurements 168 8.4 Destru...