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Indoor Wireless Communications: From Theory to Implementation provides an in-depth reference for design engineers, system planners and post graduate students interested in the vastly popular field of indoor wireless communications. It contains wireless applications and services for in-building scenarios and knowledge of key elements in the design and implementation of these systems. Technologies such as Wireless Local Area Networks, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Indoor Optical Communications, WiMAX, UMTS and GSM for indoor environments are fully explained and illustrated with examples. Antennas and propagation issues for in-building scenarios are also discussed, emphasizing models and antenna types specifically developed for indoor communications. An exhaustive survey on indoor wireless communication equipment is also presented, covering all available technologies including antennas, distribution systems, transceivers and base stations.

Dr. Alejandro Aragón-Zavala, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, México Dr. Aragón-Zavala graduated from Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro as Electronics and Communications Engineer in December 1991. In 1998 he received his MSc in Satellite Communication Engineering from the University of Surrey, and in 2003 his PhD in Antennas and Propagation at the same university. He has worked as an engineer and consultant in the industry, and since 2003, Dr. Aragón-Zavala has been the Academic Director of the former IEC and ISE undergraduate programs at the Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, and is in charge of ITE (all Electronic Engineering degrees). His research interests include: mobile communications, satellite systems, high-altitude platform systems, antenna design and indoor propagation.

Autorentext
Dr. Alejandro Aragón-Zavala, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, México
Dr. Aragón-Zavala graduated from Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro as Electronics and Communications Engineer in December 1991. In 1998 he received his MSc in Satellite Communication Engineering from the University of Surrey, and in 2003 his PhD in Antennas and Propagation at the same university. He has worked as an engineer and consultant in the industry, and since 2003, Dr. Aragón-Zavala has been the Academic Director of the former IEC and ISE undergraduate programs at the Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro, and is in charge of ITE (all Electronic Engineering degrees). His research interests include: mobile communications, satellite systems, high-altitude platform systems, antenna design and indoor propagation.

Klappentext

Indoor Wireless Communications: From Theory to Implementation provides an in-depth reference for design engineers, system planners and post graduate students interested in the vastly popular field of indoor wireless communications. It contains wireless applications and services for in-building scenarios and knowledge of key elements in the design and implementation of these systems. Technologies such as Wireless Local Area Networks, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Indoor Optical Communications, WiMAX, UMTS and GSM for indoor environments are fully explained and illustrated with examples. Antennas and propagation issues for in-building scenarios are also discussed, emphasizing models and antenna types specifically developed for indoor communications. An exhaustive survey on indoor wireless communication equipment is also presented, covering all available technologies including antennas, distribution systems, transceivers and base stations.

Inhalt
Preface xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Motivation 1

1.2 Evolution of Macro to Heterogeneous Networks 2

1.3 Challenges 3

1.4 Structure of the Book 4

References 5

2 Indoor Wireless Technologies 7

2.1 Cellular 7

2.1.1 The Cellular Concept 8

2.1.2 GSM 9

2.1.3 UMTS 11

2.1.4 HSPA 12

2.1.5 LTE 13

2.2 Wi-Fi 14

2.2.1 History 14

2.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 16

2.2.3 Physical Layer 17

2.2.4 Industry Bodies 17

2.2.4.1 Wi-Fi Alliance 17

2.2.4.2 IEEE 802.11 17

2.2.4.3 The Wireless Broadband Alliance 17

2.2.5 Wi-Fi Standards 18

2.2.5.1 IEEE 802.11-1997 18

2.2.5.2 IEEE 802.11a 18

2.2.5.3 IEEE 802.11b 18

2.2.5.4 IEEE 802.11g 18

2.2.5.5 IEEE 802.11-2007 18

2.2.5.6 IEEE 802.11n 18

2.2.6 Spectrum 19

2.2.6.1 2.4 GHz Band 19

2.2.6.2 5 GHz Band 20

2.2.7 Modulation Schemes Used in Wi-Fi 21

2.2.8 Multiple Access (MA) Techniques 21

2.2.8.1 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 21

2.2.8.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 22

2.2.8.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 23

2.2.9 Power Levels 24

2.2.10 Performance Indicators 25

2.2.11 Target Signal Levels and Link Budgets 25

2.2.12 Interference Challenges 29

2.2.13 Channel Planning 29

2.2.13.1 Single-Floor and Vertical Channel Planning 30

2.2.13.2 Multichannel Access Points 31

2.2.13.3 Automated Planning 31

2.2.14 Mobility Issues 31

2.2.14.1 Layer 2 Roam 32

2.2.14.2 Layer 3 Roam 32

2.3 Bluetooth 33

2.4 ZigBee 36

2.5 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 37

2.6 Private Mobile Radio (PMR) 39

2.6.1 PMR Elements 40

2.6.2 Attributes 40

2.6.3 TETRA 41

2.7 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) 42

References 44

3 System Requirements 45

3.1 Environments 45

3.1.1 Corporate Buildings 46

3.1.2 Airports 47

3.1.3 Trains and Railway Stations 50

3.1.4 Shopping Centres 52

3.1.5 Hospitals 53

3.1.6 Arenas and Stadiums 54

3.1.6.1 What Makes a Stadium so Special? 56

3.1.6.2 Mix of Communities with Different Needs 56

3.1.7 University Campuses 57

3.1.8 Underground Stations 59

3.1.9 Cinemas and Theatres 60

3.1.10 Hotels 60

3.1.11 Cruise Ships 62

3.2 Coverage 62

3.2.1 Cellular 62

3.2.2 Wi-Fi 64

3.2.3 Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) 65

3.3 Isolation 66

3.4 Leakage 67

3.5 Capacity 67

3.6 Interference 70

3.7 Signal Quality 71

3.8 Technology 72

3.9 Cost 72

3.10 Upgradeability 73

3.11 System Expansion 74

3.12 Conclusion 74

References 74

4 Radio Propagation 77

4.1 Maxwell's Equations 77

4.1.1 Gauss's Law for Electricity 79

4.1.2 Gauss's Law for Magnetism 79

4.1.3 Faraday's Law of Induction 81

4.1.4 Ampère's Circuital Law 81

4.1.5 Consequence of Maxwell's Equations 82

4.2 Plane Waves 82

4.2.1 Wave Equation 83

4.2.2 Plane Wave Properties 84

4.2.3 Wave Polarization 85

4.2.4 Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 87

4.3 Propagation Mechanisms 87

4.3.1 Is Electromagnetic Theory Wrong Inside Buildings? 87

4.3.2 Loss and Skin Effect 88

4.3.3 Reflection 89

4.3.4 Refraction (Transmission) 90

4.3.5 Diffraction 91 4.3.6 Scattering 92</p&gt...