Instrumental techniques of analysis have now moved from the confines of the chemistry laboratory to form an indispensable part of the analytical armoury of many workers involved in the biological sciences. It is now quite out of the question to considcr a laboratory dealing with the analysis of biological materials that is not equipped with an extensive range of instrumentation. Recent years have also seen a dramatic improvement in the ease with which such instruments can be used, and the quality and quantity of the analytical data that they can produce. This is due in no sm all part to the ubiquitous use of microprocessors and computers for instrumental control. However, under these circumstances there is areal danger of the analyst adopting a 'black box' mentality and not treating the analytical data produced in accordance with the limitations that may be inherent in the method used. Such a problem can only be overcome if the operator is fully aware of both the theoretical and instrumental constraints relevant to the technique in question. As the complexity and sheer volume of material in undergraduate courses increases, there is a tendency to reduce the amount of fundamental material that is taught prior to embarking on the more applied aspects. This is nowhere more apparent than in the teaching of instrumental techniques of analysis.

Inhalt
1 Introduction to instrumental methods of analysis.- 1.1 Precision and accuracy.- 1.2 Speed of analysis.- 1.3 Cost.- 1.4 Safety.- 1.5 Automation.- Recommended general texts.- 2 Liquid chromatography.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Theory of liquid chromatography.- 2.3 Modes of chromatography.- 2.4 Chromatographic techniques.- 2.5 Sample preparation.- References.- 3 Gas chromatography.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Principles.- 3.3 The chromatographic system.- 3.4 GLC columns.- 3.5 Principles of separation.- 3.6 Stationary phases.- 3.7 Gassolid chromatography.- 3.8 Detectors.- 3.9 Sample preparation.- 3.10 Quantification.- References.- 4 Electrophoresis.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Effect of pH on charge.- 4.3 Techniques of electrophoresis.- 4.4 Isotachophoresis.- References.- 5 Introduction to spectroscopy.- 5.1 Spectroscopy.- 5.2 The electromagnetic spectrum.- 5.3 Molecular energy states.- 5.4 Molecular transitions.- 5.5 Quantitative analysis.- 5.6 Determination of a spectrum.- Further reading.- 6 UVvisible spectrophotometry.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Electronic energy levels.- 6.3 Electronic transitions.- 6.4 Qualitative analysis.- 6.5 Quantitative analysis.- 6.6 Calibration of spectrophotometers.- 6.7 Sample presentation.- 6.8 Difference spectrophotometry.- 6.9 Spectrophotometric titrations.- 6.10 Derivative spectrophotometry.- 6.11 Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry.- 6.12 Spectrophotometers and colorimeters.- 6.13 Turbidimetry and nephelometry.- 6.14 Colour and gloss of solid samples.- References.- 7 Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Fluorophores.- 7.3 Excitation and emission spectra.- 7.4 Quantitative measurements.- 7.5 Factors affecting fluorescence spectra.- 7.6 Instruments for fluorescence studies.- 7.7 Applications of fluorescencespectrophotometry.- References.- 8 Infrared spectroscopy.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Molecular vibrations.- 8.3 Qualitative analysis.- 8.4 Quantitative analysis.- 8.5 Instrumentation.- 8.7 Attenuated total reflectance.- 8.8 Near-infrared reflectance analysis.- References.- 9 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Principles.- 9.3 Pulse NMR spectrometer.- 9.4 Chemical shifts.- 9.5 Spinspin coupling.- 9.6 Integration.- 9.7 Further techniques for elucidation of NMR spectra.- 9.8 Wide-line NMR.- 9.9 In-vivo NMR.- References.- 10 Electron spin resonance.- 10.1 Principles.- 10.2 ESR spectra.- 10.3 ESR spectrometer.- 10.4 Sample preparation.- 10.5 Spin labelling.- 10.6 Quantitative analysis.- References.- 11 Flame techniques.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Flame emission spectrometry (FES).- 11.3 Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).- 11.4 Applications.- References.- 12 Mass spectrometry.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Mass spectrometer.- 12.3 Analysis of mixtures.- 12.4 Determination of molecular structures.- References.- 13 Electrochemical techniques.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Conductivity of solutions.- 13.3 Voltammetry.- 13.4 Potentiometric measurements.- References.